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Evidence Based Approach > T3 Slide W8 > Flashcards

T3 Slide W8 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Non Experimental Research

A

Ways of answering research questions without direct manipulation of variables

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2
Q

Descriptive Research

A
  • asks about the characterisits of a unit or event
  • describes the current state of affairs at the time of the study
  • do not include treatment or control group
  • do not make causal comparisons
  • provides a picture of what is occurring not why it occurs
  • there are many descriptive methods but psychology mostly use survey and correlational methods.
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3
Q

Survey Research

A
  • Examines the frequency and relationships between psychological and sociological variables
  • Assumes attitudes, beliefs, prejudices
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4
Q

Interview Research

A
  • Basic tool of survey
  • an “oral questionnaire”
  • two types of questions
      • Structured questions require an explicit answer
      • Open-ended questions allow the interviewee to elaborate
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5
Q

Interview Research

A
  • Interview Protocols vary in their degree of structure
      • Unstructured Interviews
      • Semi-structured Interviews
      • Structured interviews
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6
Q

Interview Research - Unstructured Interviews

A

Are characterised by a lack of predetermined schedule; they are exploratory.
N.B., although flexible, this comes at the cost of reliability and difficulties in bias and analyses.

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7
Q

Interview Research - Semi-Structured Interviews

A
  • uses a standardised interview
  • uses a standardised interview schedule.
  • contains pre-set questions
  • however, it is not reliant on the rigorous application of the schedule (often uses probes).
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8
Q

Interview Research - Structured Interviews

A
  • Rely on a fixed and ordered set of questions

- no room for probing

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9
Q

Critical Decision Method Probes (Klein et al., 1989) - (11)

A
  • Cues
  • Knowledge
  • Analogues
  • Goals
  • Options
  • Basis
  • Experience
  • Aiding
  • Time Pressure
  • Situation Assessment
  • Hypotheticals
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10
Q

Critical Decision Method Probes (Klein et al., 1989) -

Cues

A

What were you seeing, hearing, smelling?

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11
Q

Critical Decision Method Probes (Klein et al., 1989) -

Knowledge

A

What information did you use in making this decision and how was it obtained?

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12
Q

Critical Decision Method Probes (Klein et al., 1989) -

Analogues

A

Were you reminded of any previous experience?

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13
Q

Critical Decision Method Probes (Klein et al., 1989) -

Goals

A

What were your specific goals at this time?

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14
Q

Critical Decision Method Probes (Klein et al., 1989) -

Options

A

What other courses of action were considered by or available to you

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15
Q

Critical Decision Method Probes (Klein et al., 1989) -

Basis

A

How was this option selected/other options rejected?

What rules were being followed?

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16
Q

Critical Decision Method Probes (Klein et al., 1989) -

Experience

A

What specific training or experience was necessary or helpful in making this decision?

17
Q

Critical Decision Method Probes (Klein et al., 1989) -

Aiding

A

If the decision was not the best, what training, knowledge or information could have helped

18
Q

Critical Decision Method Probes (Klein et al., 1989) -

Time Pressure

A

How much time-pressure was involved in making this decision?

19
Q

Critical Decision Method Probes (Klein et al., 1989) -

Situation Assessment

A

Imagine that you were asked to describe the situation to someone else, how would you summarise the situation?

20
Q

Critical Decision Method Probes (Klein et al., 1989) -

Hypotheticals

A

If a key feature of the situation had been different, what difference would it have made to your decision?

21
Q

Interview Research - Advantages

A
  • Flexibility in collecting data

- Interviewer can set tone and agenda

22
Q

Interview Research - Disadvantages

A
  • Expensive
  • Lacks in anonymity
  • Responses may not be honest
  • Lack standardised questions
23
Q

Ten Commandments of Interviewing (Salkind, 2011)

A
  1. Do not begin the interview cold
  2. Remember that you are there to get information
  3. Be Direct
  4. Dress appropriately
  5. Find a quiet place to conduct the interview
  6. If your interviewee doesn’t give a satisfactory answer the first time don’t give up
  7. Use a tape recorder
  8. Make the interviewee a part of the interview
  9. Practice
  10. Thank interviewees for their help and ask for questions.
24
Q

How to do Survey Research

A
  1. Clarify the objectives
  2. Identify a sample
  3. Define a method
    - How will the questions be structured?
    - How will the sample be defined?
    - How will the data be collected?
    - What types of questions will be asked?
  4. Coding and scoring
25
Q

Survey Research - Advantages

A
  • Permits good generalisation
  • Efficient data collection
  • Can yield very accurate results
26
Q

Survey Research - Disadvantages

A
  • Bias
      • Interviewer Bias
      • Interviewee Bias
  • Non Response
27
Q

Correlation

A
  • Examines the relationship between two variables
  • Correlational relationships can be displayed using a scatterplot
  • correlation does not imply causality, just because two things correlate does not imply causality
28
Q

Scatterplot

A
  • Plots scores on one variable plotted agains scores on a second variable
  • Work best with Interval or Ratio measures
  • can reveal different types of relationships
29
Q

Correlation: Scatterplots

A
  • Show how well two measures agree with each other
  • Can show positive relationships, negative relationships or zero relationships
  • Different relationships can vary anywhere from perfect positive to perfect negative
30
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A
  • is used to measure the degree of correlation between variables
  • Pearson’s product-moment correlation (r) most common
  • Used when variables are at least the interval level of a measurement
31
Q

Correlation Coefficient - Pearson’s r

A
  • r is used to gauge the strength of the relationship
  • r can range from +1 to -1
  • whether the sign is + or - does not indicate the strength, only the direction of the relationships
  • +1 is a perfect positive relationship
  • 1

Evidence Based Approach (15 decks)

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