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Embryo Exam 3 > T3 Resp, Digest, Pharynx > Flashcards

T3 Resp, Digest, Pharynx Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of pharyngeal arches are there?

A

6

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2
Q

How many pairs of pharyngeal arches do humans have?

A

4

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3
Q

Describe the structure of a pharyngeal arch.

A

core of mesenchyme that is covered with ectoderm and lined with endoderm.

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4
Q

What is the main organizer for the development of the pharyngeal arch?

A

foregut ectoderm

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5
Q

The first pharyngeal arch develops _______ of Hox expression

A

independently

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6
Q

Pharyngeal arches II and II require the expression of what genes?

A

Hoxa2 and Hoxa3

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7
Q

Pharyngeal endoderm expresses TBx-1 that induces what to form the pharyngeal arches?

A

FGF8

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8
Q

The mandibular arch and associated trigeminal nerve (CN V) are associated with what pharyngeal arch?

A

first

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9
Q

What is the main component of the embryonic lower jaw?

A

Meckel’s cartilage

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10
Q 
Meckel's cartilage gives rise to which of the following?
A. sphenomandibular ligament
B. malleus
C. incus
D. all of the above
A

all,
sphenomandibular ligament
malleus
incus

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11
Q

Hyoid arch, which is associated with the facial nerve (CN VIII), is what pharyngeal arch?

A

second

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12
Q

Development of the second pharyngeal arch is influenced by what gene?

A

Hoxa2

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13
Q

What nerves are the third and fourth pharyngeal arches associated with?

A

glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and vagus (CN X)

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14
Q

What structure is formed from the first pharyngeal groove?

A

external auditory meatus

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15
Q

What structure is formed from the second and third pharyngeal grooves?

A

cervical sinus, which is temporary

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16
Q

What are the derivatives of the first pouch?

A

tympanic cavity of middle ear and auditory tube

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17
Q

What are the derivatives of the second pouch?

A

fossa for palatine tonsils

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18
Q

What are the derivatives of the third pouch?

A

inferior parathyroids (in response to high concentrations of shh) and thymus (in response to high concentrations of BMP4).

19
Q

What are the derivatives of the fourth pouch?

A

superior parathyroid and post-branchial body

20
Q

The thyroid anlage is induced via signals from the underlying ________.

A

mesenchyme

21
Q

The thyroid anlage grows down into the underlying mesenchyme as the _________________, which remains connected to the floor of the pharynx via the thyroglossal duct, which persists as a small pit at the base of the tongue, called the _______________.

A

thyroid diverticulum; foramen cecum.

22
Q

What does the infundibular process form?

A

the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)

23
Q

Where are the lateral lingual swellings located?

A

ventral areas of first pair of pharyngeal arches

24
Q

Where is the tuberculum impar located?

A

ventral swellings between first and second pairs of arches

25
Q

Where is the copula located?

A

ventral swellings between second and third pairs of arches

26
Q

What is micrognathia?

A

small mandible

27
Q

What is Agnathia?

A

the failure of the lower jaw to form

28
Q

What is Treacher Collins syndrome?

A

Autosomal dominant, TCOF1 gene. Effects the survival and proliferation of cranial neural crest cells. In mutations of this gene, neural crest cell migration is normal but there is increases apoptosis and decreased proliferation, resulting in a reduced population of neural crest cells in the first pharyngeal arch.

29
Q

What are pharyngeal cysts, sinuses, and fistulas?

A

Structural malformations, such as lateral cysts, sinuses and fistulas, can be related directly to the abnormal persistence of pharyngeal grooves, pouches, or both.

30
Q

What is ankyloglossia?

A

Most common malformation of the tongue. Caused by subnormal regression of the frenulum, the thin midline tissue that connects the ventral surface of the tongue to the floor of the mouth

31
Q

What is DiGeorge’s syndrome?

A

Cranial neural crest deficiency and is manifested by immunological defects and hypoparathyroidism. Failure of differentiation of thymus and parathyroid glands

32
Q

What are the TF that control patterning of the anterior and posterior gut?

A

nodal (anterior) and FGF4 (posterior)

33
Q

What controls the patterning of the foregut?

A

Wnt

34
Q

What does the foregut express?

A

Sox2, Hhex, Foxa2

35
Q

Where is the strong expression of FGF4?

A

near the foregut-midgut boundary

36
Q

What TF repress foregut and maintain hindgut?

A

FGFs, BMPs, Wnts, and RA

37
Q

What is the function of cdx2 in patterning of gut?

A

Hox gene expression in midgut and hindgut

38
Q

What is the function of pdx1 in patterning of gut?

A

Sets apart midgut

39
Q

What is the function of FGF10 in patterning of gut?

A

Establishes cecum

40
Q

Where is the smooth muscle of the esophagus derived?

A

splanchnic mesoderm

41
Q

Where is the skeletal muscle of the esophagus derived?

A

paraxial mesoderm

42
Q

What is a pharyngeal cyst?

A

completely enclosed, epithelially lined cavity that may be derived from the persistence of part of a pharyngeal pouch, groove, or cervical sinus

43
Q

What is a pharyngeal sinus?

A

closed on one end and open to the outside or to the pharynx

44
Q

What is a pharyngeal fistula?

A

epithelially lined tube that is open at both ends

Embryo Exam 3 (8 decks)

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