T3 Resp, Digest, Pharynx

Question 1

How many pairs of pharyngeal arches are there?

Answer 1

6

Question 2

How many pairs of pharyngeal arches do humans have?

Answer 2

4

Question 3

Describe the structure of a pharyngeal arch.

Answer 3

core of mesenchyme that is covered with ectoderm and lined with endoderm.

Question 4

What is the main organizer for the development of the pharyngeal arch?

Answer 4

foregut ectoderm

Question 5

The first pharyngeal arch develops _______ of Hox expression

Answer 5

independently

Question 6

Pharyngeal arches II and II require the expression of what genes?

Answer 6

Hoxa2 and Hoxa3

Question 7

Pharyngeal endoderm expresses TBx-1 that induces what to form the pharyngeal arches?

Answer 7

FGF8

Question 8

The mandibular arch and associated trigeminal nerve (CN V) are associated with what pharyngeal arch?

Answer 8

first

Question 9

What is the main component of the embryonic lower jaw?

Answer 9

Meckel’s cartilage

Question 10

Meckel's cartilage gives rise to which of the following?
A. sphenomandibular ligament
B. malleus
C. incus
D. all of the above

Answer 10

all,
sphenomandibular ligament
malleus
incus

Question 11

Hyoid arch, which is associated with the facial nerve (CN VIII), is what pharyngeal arch?

Answer 11

second

Question 12

Development of the second pharyngeal arch is influenced by what gene?

Answer 12

Hoxa2

Question 13

What nerves are the third and fourth pharyngeal arches associated with?

Answer 13

glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and vagus (CN X)

Question 14

What structure is formed from the first pharyngeal groove?

Answer 14

external auditory meatus

Question 15

What structure is formed from the second and third pharyngeal grooves?

Answer 15

cervical sinus, which is temporary

Question 16

What are the derivatives of the first pouch?

Answer 16

tympanic cavity of middle ear and auditory tube

Question 17

What are the derivatives of the second pouch?

Answer 17

fossa for palatine tonsils

Question 18

What are the derivatives of the third pouch?

Answer 18

inferior parathyroids (in response to high concentrations of shh) and thymus (in response to high concentrations of BMP4).

Question 19

What are the derivatives of the fourth pouch?

Answer 19

superior parathyroid and post-branchial body

Question 20

The thyroid anlage is induced via signals from the underlying ________.

Answer 20

mesenchyme

Question 21

The thyroid anlage grows down into the underlying mesenchyme as the _________________, which remains connected to the floor of the pharynx via the thyroglossal duct, which persists as a small pit at the base of the tongue, called the _______________.

Answer 21

thyroid diverticulum; foramen cecum.

Question 22

What does the infundibular process form?

Answer 22

the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)

Question 23

Where are the lateral lingual swellings located?

Answer 23

ventral areas of first pair of pharyngeal arches

Question 24

Where is the tuberculum impar located?

Answer 24

ventral swellings between first and second pairs of arches

Question 25

Where is the copula located?

Answer 25

ventral swellings between second and third pairs of arches

Question 26

What is micrognathia?

Answer 26

small mandible

Question 27

What is Agnathia?

Answer 27

the failure of the lower jaw to form

Question 28

What is Treacher Collins syndrome?

Answer 28

Autosomal dominant, TCOF1 gene. Effects the survival and proliferation of cranial neural crest cells. In mutations of this gene, neural crest cell migration is normal but there is increases apoptosis and decreased proliferation, resulting in a reduced population of neural crest cells in the first pharyngeal arch.

Question 29

What are pharyngeal cysts, sinuses, and fistulas?

Answer 29

Structural malformations, such as lateral cysts, sinuses and fistulas, can be related directly to the abnormal persistence of pharyngeal grooves, pouches, or both.

Question 30

What is ankyloglossia?

Answer 30

Most common malformation of the tongue. Caused by subnormal regression of the frenulum, the thin midline tissue that connects the ventral surface of the tongue to the floor of the mouth

Question 31

What is DiGeorge's syndrome?

Answer 31

Cranial neural crest deficiency and is manifested by immunological defects and hypoparathyroidism. Failure of differentiation of thymus and parathyroid glands

Question 32

What are the TF that control patterning of the anterior and posterior gut?

Answer 32

nodal (anterior) and FGF4 (posterior)

Question 33

What controls the patterning of the foregut?

Answer 33

Wnt

Question 34

What does the foregut express?

Answer 34

Sox2, Hhex, Foxa2

Question 35

Where is the strong expression of FGF4?

Answer 35

near the foregut-midgut boundary

Question 36

What TF repress foregut and maintain hindgut?

Answer 36

FGFs, BMPs, Wnts, and RA

Question 37

What is the function of cdx2 in patterning of gut?

Answer 37

Hox gene expression in midgut and hindgut

Question 38

What is the function of pdx1 in patterning of gut?

Answer 38

Sets apart midgut

Question 39

What is the function of FGF10 in patterning of gut?

Answer 39

Establishes cecum

Question 40

Where is the smooth muscle of the esophagus derived?

Answer 40

splanchnic mesoderm

Question 41

Where is the skeletal muscle of the esophagus derived?

Answer 41

paraxial mesoderm

Question 42

What is a pharyngeal cyst?

Answer 42

completely enclosed, epithelially lined cavity that may be derived from the persistence of part of a pharyngeal pouch, groove, or cervical sinus

Question 43

What is a pharyngeal sinus?

Answer 43

closed on one end and open to the outside or to the pharynx

Question 44

What is a pharyngeal fistula?

Answer 44

epithelially lined tube that is open at both ends