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Embryo Exam 3 > T3 Head and Neck > Flashcards

T3 Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

From where does the craniofacial region develop?

A

prechordal area

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2
Q

What is the dominant part of the future head region?

A

forebrain

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3
Q

What is the earliest representation of the facial region?

A

stomodeum

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4
Q

Much of the tissue involved in the formation of the facial area is derived from where?

A

the neural crest

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5
Q

Early primordia for the facial region are situated around the stomodeum. The frontonasal prominence consists of what?

A

forebrain neural crest cells and midbrain neural crest cells

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6
Q

Early primordia for the facial region are situated around the stomodeum. The ectodermal nasal placodes form what?

A

Nasomedial process (from forebrain neural crest) and nasolateral process (from midbrain neural crest).

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7
Q

The maxillary and mandibular processes are filled with what type of cells?

A

neural crest mesencyme

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8
Q

What is the name for four pairs of lateral endodermal outpockets from the foregut?

A

pharyngeal pouches

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9
Q

What is the name for the ventral midline endodermal outpocketings from floor of foregut between pharyngeal pouches I and II?

A

Thyroid diverticulum

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10
Q

What is the name for four pairs of ectodermal inpocketings that lie opposite tot he associated pharyngeal pouches?

A

pharyngeal grooves

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11
Q

What is the name for five pairs of mesenchymal masses that lie between the pharyngeal pouches and grooves?

A

Pharyngeal (branchial) arches

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12
Q

What is an aortic arch?

A

single artery within each pharyngeal arch that connects the ventral aorta to the dorsal aorta

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13
Q

In the neural tube, what is the function of the basic signaling center?

A
  • segmentation of cranial neural tube occurs as a result of Hox gene expression.
  • segmentation is carried over into the neural crest cells
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14
Q

What does the neural tube give rise to?

A

neural crest tissue

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15
Q

In pharyngeal endoderm, patterning is heavily based on what?

A

exposure to retinoic acid

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16
Q

The first pharyngeal pouch is not dependent on retinoic acid. What IS it dependent on?

A

Otx2

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17
Q

What pharyngeal pouches are dependent on retinoic acid? how much?

A

Second pouch, slightly dependent

Third and Fourth pouches, heavily dependent

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18
Q

The pharyngeal endoderm signals the prepatterning of the cranial ectoderm via _____.

A

FGF8

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19
Q

True/False: Pharyngeal arch patterning is dependent on neural crest.

A

False

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20
Q

What is the development of the pharyngeal arches dependent on?

A

signals from pharyngeal pouches

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21
Q

What genes heavily influence dorsoventral patterning in the pharyngeal arches?

A

DLX genes

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22
Q

Signaling from what center is necessary for the development of the neural crest derivatives involved in lower facial morphogenesis?

A

cranial ectoderm

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23
Q

Cranial ectoderm is prepatterned by what from where?

A

by FGF8 from pharyngeal endoderm

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24
Q

Frontonasal ectodermal zone is induced by what from where?

A

shh from forebrain

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25
Q

What is an ectodermal signaling center involving the establishment of dorsoventral gradient of FGF8 (more dorsal) and shh (more ventral)?

A

frontonasal ectodermal zone

26
Q

facial primordia consist of what?

A

frontonasal prominence, nasomedial processes, and nasolateral processes

27
Q

Primordia for jaws forms from what number pharyngeal arch?

A

first

28
Q

Maxillary processes consists of __________ derived from forebrain and midbrain

A

neural crest

29
Q

Mandibular processes consist of neural crest derived from ______ and _______.

A

midbrain and hindbrain

30
Q

Subdivision of first arch into upper and lower jaw primordia is dependent on what?

A

endothelin-1

31
Q

From where is Meckel’s cartilage derived?

A

neural crest cells

32
Q

Around what does the mandible form?

A

Meckel’s cartilage

33
Q

What are the derivatives of Meckel’s cartilage?

A

articular and quadrate

34
Q

What type of joint is the TMJ?

A

synovial

35
Q

Formation of the TMJ involves what transcription factor?

A

early expression of Barx-1

36
Q

What comes of the quadrate bone?

A

moves to middle ear and becomes the incus

37
Q

What comes of the articular bone?

A

move to middle ear and becomes the malleus

38
Q

The stapes is present in lower vertebrates as the only middle ear bone. From where is the stapes derived?

A

pharyngeal arch II

39
Q

When does the palate form?

A

between 6 and 10 weeks of development

40
Q

What does the palate divide?

A

the common oronasal cavity into a nasal cavity and an oral cavity. these two cavities remain connected together in the adult as the pharynx (oropharynx and nasopharynx)

41
Q

What does the median palatine process (unpaired) form?

A

primary palate = premaxilla

42
Q

What does the lateral palatine process (paired) form?

A

secondary palate

43
Q

What tf nasal placodes require for development

A

pax6 and retinoid

44
Q

Where do the nasal placode develop?

A

they develop from anterolateral edges of neural plate (before closure)

45
Q

What are nasal pits?

A

invagination of nasal placodes

46
Q

What is the source of retinoids that stimulate FGF-8 to stimulate proliferation of mesenchyme in nasomedial and nasolateral processes?

A

nasal pits

47
Q

What are nasal pits surrounded by?

A

nasomedial and nasolateral processes

48
Q

Where is olfactory epithelium derived?

A

dorsal epithelium of nasal pits

49
Q

What TF does olfactory epithelium require?

A

FGF-8

50
Q

What does olfactory epithelium form?

A

bipolar neurons that project to olfactory bulb

51
Q

What is the dental lamina?

A

C shaped bands of oral ectoderm overlying neural crest mesenchyme

52
Q

What is a tooth bud?

A

epithelial downgrowth overlying neural crest mesenchyme and marking position of a single tooth

53
Q

What is the cap stage?

A

Inverted cup-shaped layer of ectoderm capped by stellate reticulum and covering a mass of mesenchyme = the dental papilla

54
Q

What is the bell stage?

A
  • cone shaped primodium covered by stellate reticulum overlying the enamel organ
  • Enamel organ: ameloblasts make up the outermost layer of this two layered covering
  • dental papilla: odontoblasts form the outermost layer of the pulpy mass and lie under and adjacent to the layer of ameloblasts.
55
Q

What is the dental sac?

A

a condensation of mesenchymal cells around the developing tooth which will form the cementum and periodontal ligament

56
Q

What does Osr2 do?

A

inhibit BMP-4. If Osr2 is removed, there will be another row of teeth formed on the lingual side of the normal row

57
Q

What do salivary glands arise as?

A

typical epithelial exocrine glands from oral epithelium

58
Q

What does the development of salivary glands depend on?

A

interactions between the epithelium and the underlying mesenchyme

59
Q

Branching pattern of salivary glands depends heavily on what?

A

shh

60
Q

For salivary gland development, the signaling between ______ and ______ occurs within the epithelium rather than between the epithelium and mesenchyme as occurs in other types of glandular development.

A

shh and FGF

Embryo Exam 3 (8 decks)

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