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T2-SC > T2-Systems_Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

T2-Systems_Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

The invasion of the human body by pathogenic microorganisms can produce harmful and have potentially lethal consequences. What is the name for the illnesses caused by these means?

A

Infectious diseases

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2
Q

Microscopic organisms (can be pathogens or non-pathogens)

A

Microorganisms (aka Microbe)

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3
Q

The presence and multiplication within a host of another living organism, with subsequent injury to the host.

A

Infection

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4
Q

Ability of an organism to enter, multiply and survive in a host

A

Infectivity

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5
Q

Any organism capable of supporting the nutritional, physical growth requirements of another organism.

A

Host

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6
Q

The act of establishing a presence within a host

A

Colonization

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7
Q

Disease-producing potential of an invading organism

A

Virulence

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8
Q

An organism so virulent that it is rarely found in the absence of disease

A

Pathogen

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9
Q

A multitude of non-harmful bacteria inhabiting the internal and external exposed surfaces of the human body.

A

Microflora

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10
Q

Free-living organisms that obtain nutrition from dead or decaying organic materials in the environment.

A

Saprophytes

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11
Q

An organism that produces an infectious disease only when the healthy and immunity of the host has been severely compromised

A

Opportunistic pathogen

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12
Q

Microflora acquires survival needs from the host, but the host is not adversely affected by this relationship.

A

Commensalism

microflora referred to as commensal flora, normal flora, resident microbiotica

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13
Q

Where is normal flora located in the human body?

A

Skin, nose/pharynx, mouth, colon/rectum, vagina/distal urethra/perineum

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14
Q

An interaction in which colonizing organisms and host both derive benefits

A

Mutualism

eg. bacteria that live in intestines and feed off undigested food, producing vitamins beneficial to humans

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15
Q

An interaction in which a colonizing organism benefits and the host sustains an injury

A

Parasitic

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16
Q

What is the name for protein particles that lack any kind of demonstrable genetic material and are mutated forms of the host protein?

A

Prions

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17
Q

How do prions work?

A
  • protein particles that lack any demonstrable genetic material
  • may affect other normal proteins and alter them
  • aggregate in the brain and form plaque
  • identified in a number of incurable and transmissible degenerative neurological diseases
  • defective protein may be inherited
  • cannibalism has been implicated as a transmission mechanism, as well as eating animals that are infected by a prion disease
  • lack reproductive and metabolic functions so antimicrobial agents are useless

Tx is palliative

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18
Q

What are two examples of prion diseases?

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob

Kuru

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19
Q

What do Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Coxiella, Mycoplasmas have in common?

A
  • combine the characteristics of bacteria AND viruses
  • obligate intracellular pathogens (i.e. they require a host)
  • most produce a rigid petidoglycan cell wall, reproduce asexually and contain RNA and DNA-like bacteria
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20
Q

What is Rickettsia?

A
  • transmitted by insect vectors
  • cause diseases like Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
  • rash and small hemorrhages
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21
Q

What is Chlamydia?

A
  • common sexually transmitted infection that can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility in women
  • infants born to infected mothers can get eye infections and pneumonia
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22
Q

What is Coxiella?

A
  • Q (query) fever + flu-like illness
  • can progress to become systemic affecting heart, lungs and GI
  • obtained through animal contact (animal infected spray and contaminated milk)
  • initial exposure, remission and then severe organ issues a few years later
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23
Q

What are Mycoplasmas?

A
  • commonly cause pneumonia
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24
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

No cell membrane

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25
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

Cell contains cell membrane, nucleus, organelles, etc

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26
Q

What are fungi?

A
  • free living eukaryotic saprophytes
  • few are capable of causing disease in humans (and most of these are limited to skin + subcutaneous infections)
    eg. Candida (harmless fungus on skin, but can cause oral cavity infection and vaginal infection in immunosuppressed people)
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27
Q

What are the two types of fungi?

A

Yeast: single-celled organism, reproduce asexually
Mold: grow in long filaments called hyphae

Both yeasts and mold produce a rigid cell wall layer that is chemically unrelated to the peptidioglycan of bacteria and therefore is not susceptible to the effects of antibodies (require anti-fungal)

28
Q

What are parasites?

A
  • a member of the animal kingdom that infects and causes disease in other animals
  • include Protozoa, Helminths, Arthropods, Bacteria and Viruses
29
Q

Define Protozoa

A
  • unicellular eukaryotes that may reproduce sexually or asexually
  • most are saprophytes
  • some are pathogenic to humans (eg. malaria, amoebic dysentry, giadiases)
30
Q

Define Helminths

A

(aka worms)

  • include roundworms, tapeworms, flukes
  • reproduce sexually (usually through fertilized eggs)
31
Q

Define Arthopods

A
  • include tics, mosquitos, biting flies, lice, fleas and mites
32
Q

What is the study of factors, events, circumstances that influence the transmission of infectious disease in human populations?

A

Epidemiology

33
Q

What does epidemiology focus on?

A
  • incidence of disease
  • prevalence of disease
  • source of infection
  • portal of entry (where on the body)
  • site of infection
  • virulence factors
  • signs / symptoms
  • clinical course of disease
34
Q

What is the ultimate goal of epidemiologic studies?

A

the interruption of the spread of infectious disease and its eradication

35
Q

What refers to the host, object, location or substance from which an infectious agent is acquired, including modes of transmission?

A

Source of infection:

  • Endogenous: Acquired from host’s own microbial flora
  • Exogenous: Acquired from sources in external environment
  • Contact transmission: Transfer of microbes by physical contact
  • Droplet transmission: Microbes spread across a short distance (less than 1 meter) by droplets
  • Airborne transmission: Microbes spread by air currents (longer than 1 meter)
  • Vector-borne transmission: Microbes spread by animals or biting arthropods
  • Vehicle-borne transmission: Infection transmitted by a contaminated source
  • Nosocomial infections: Infection acquired during hospitalization
  • Community acquired: Infection acquired outside of healthy care settings
36
Q

The process by which a pathogen enters a body and gains access to susceptible tissue:

A

Portal of entry:

  • Penetration: any disruption in integrity of body’s surface barrier from abrasions, burns, penetrating wounds, medical procedures, etc.
  • Direct contact: transmitted directly from infected tissue or secretions to exposed, intact mucous membranes, including sexual contact, congenital infections
  • Ingestion: entry of infectious agent through oral cavity and GI tract
  • Inhalation: entry through respiratory tract
37
Q

What refers to the part of the body that is infected?

A

Site of infection: local or systemic

38
Q

What is the capacity of a microorganism to cause disease

A

Pathogenicity
(Virulence is the degree of pathogenicity based on invasive and toxic qualities, adherence to skin and ability to avoid host defences)

39
Q

What are universal precautions?

A
  • hand washing, wearing gloves and protective clothing
  • adequate cleaning
  • use of disinfectants
  • sterilization of fomites
40
Q

What is the disease presentation? (aka clinical picture)

A

Symptomatology

41
Q

What are the 5 phases of the disease course?

A
  • Incubation: pathogen begins active replication w/out symptoms
  • Prodromal: initial appearance of symptoms
  • Acute: host experiences maximum impact and the most symptoms of the infectious process
  • Convalescent: containment of infection, progressive elimination of the pathogen, repair and resolution
  • Resolution: total elimination of the pathogen from the body
42
Q

What are some exceptions to classical presentation?

A
  • Chronic infections: continuous s/s for months or years without a convalescent stage
  • Subclinical illness: progresses from infection to resolution without clinically apparent symptoms
  • Insidious: prodromal phase is gradual
  • Fulminant: abrupt onset of illness with little or no prodromal phase
43
Q

What are diagnosis and treatment based on?

A

Diagnosis: history, physical exam, culture, serology
Tx: Antimicrobial agent, immunotherapy, surgical intervention

44
Q

What are bacteria (and classification)?

A
  • prokaryotes
  • can cause disease by producing toxins, invading tissue or both
  • Classifications:
    by Scientific Name: species and strains
    by Staining: color they turn after treated with specific chemicals (Gram +ve = purple; Gram -ve = pink)
    by Shape: Spheres (cocci), Rods (bacilli), Spirals (spirillum)
    by Oxygen need: Aerobes (need oxygen), Anaerobes (do not need oxygen), Facultative (can live with or without oxygen)
45
Q

Describe bacterial structure

A
  • prokaryotes
  • cell membrane
  • external capsule
  • flagella
  • pili (aka fimbriae)
  • spores (a latent form with a coating that is highly resistant to heat and other adverse conditions) = long survival time
46
Q

What is secreted by bacteria?

A

Toxins:
- Exotoxins: secreted by Gram +ve, diffuse through body. eg. neurotoxin (tetanus bacillus) and enterotoxins
- Endotoxins: Gram -ve and released when bacteria dies. Cause fever, weakness and shock
Enzymes: cause damage to host tissue

47
Q

What are bacterial defences?

A
  • Biofilm: secretion that helps bacteria attach to other bacteria, cells/tissue (eg. dental plaque)
  • Capsule: protection from macrophage ingestion
  • Outer membrane/cell wall: protection from antibotics, membrane releases endotoxins
  • Spores
  • Flagella
  • Antiobiotic resistance
48
Q

What are some bacterial diseases caused by staphylococcal?

A
  • Staphylococcal (Staph): more than 30 strains
49
Q

What are some disease caused by Streptococcal?

A
  • Streptococcal (Strep): strains from A-G, most common are A (found in throat and skin) and B
    Strep A: Strep throat, scarlet fever, impetigo, flesh eating disease (necrotizing fasciitis)
    Strep B: carried w/out illness until immune system is weak + can develop into UTIs, pneumonia; transmitted to newborns causing blood infections and meningitis
    infections of intestines like e.coli, cholera, salmonella
50
Q

What are other diseases?

A
  • Rheumatic Fever: inflammatory disease affects heart, joints, skin, brain - causes a ring/snakelike rash
  • Bacterial meningitis: People will be positive for Brudzinski’s sign (extreme pain with hip flexion) or Kernig’s sign (extreme pain with neck flexion)
  • Respiratory tract infections: upper tract – strep; lower tract – bacterial pneumonia, bronchitis; tuberculosis (mycobacterium tuberculae, waxy)
  • Enteric infections:
    e.coli
    cholera
    salmonella (some varieties can even lead to Typhoid fever)
    shigella (spread via fecal oral route)
  • Urinary tract infections
  • Lyme’s disease: bulls’ eye rash (aka erythema migrans), tick-borne infection
51
Q

What are viruses and how do they work?

A
  • smallest obligate intracellular pathogen (require a host)
  • incapable of replication outside host/living cell
  • penetrate a living cell and use that material to create viral progeny
  • attach to a host, enter it and release its genetic material
    which forces the host cell to replicate the virus
  • host cell usually dies, at which point, virus is released
52
Q

What are the routes of viral invasion?

A
  • nasal, respiratory
  • oral, gastrointestinal
  • blood and bodily fluids
53
Q

Body’s response to viral infection?

A
  • Inflammatory response: vascular congestion and leakage of exudate
  • Immune response: collection of lymphocytes in infected tissue
54
Q

What are types of childhood viral infections?

A
  • Poliomyelitis (Polio): affects NS, can lead to paralysis
  • Rubeola (Measles): respiratory infection, causes toal body skin rash
  • Rubella (German Measles): skin and lymph nodes, blueberry muffin rash
  • Mumps: affects Parotid glands (spread through saliva)
  • Chicken Pox: itchy rash with fluid-filled blisters
  • Shingles (aka Zona, aka Herpes-Zoster): acute CNS infection, neuralgic pain, vesicle eruption on skin (rash) in a dermotomal pattern consistent with the Dorsal Root Ganglion where the virus was dormant
55
Q

What are some common viral infections?

A
  • Common cold: mild upper respiratory tract infection
  • The flu (influenza): lower respiratory tract infection; three types (A, B and C); high mortality rate in seniors
  • SARS and MERS: Severe acute respiratory syndrome; initial presentation are cold like symptoms
  • Intestinal flu (aka Viral Enteritis, Gastroenteritis): spread through oral fecal route
  • Herpes Simplex Type 1: oral, skin lesions near lips - Cold Sores/Fever blisters
  • Herpes Simplex Type 2: genital infection
  • Human Papilloma Virus (HPV): genital warts
  • Mononucleosis (Mono): swollen glands, enlarged spleen, hepatitis
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): leads to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), spread through bodily fluids
  • Viral Hepatitis - Hep A: acute infection, not permanent
  • Viral Hepatitis - Hep B: serious, chronic/carrier stage, spread by bodily fluids/feces
  • Viral Hepatitis - Hep C: serious, leads to cirrhosis of liver and liver cancer
  • Viral Hepatitis - Hep D: only present with Hep B
  • Viral Hepatitis - Hep E: clinically resembles Hep A
56
Q

What are STIs?

A

Sexually Transmitted Infections:

  • any infectious condition spread through sexual contact
  • agents of infection include bacteria, viruses, chlamydia, fungi, protozoa and parasites
  • portals of entry: mouth, genitals, urinary meatus, skin, rectum
57
Q

What is Condylomata Acuminata?

A

Genital warts:

  • caused by HPV
  • most are asymptomatic; some infections result in warts
  • link to cervical cancer
58
Q

What is Candidiasis?

A

Yeast infection, thrush:

  • caused by Candida albicans (most commonly) yeast
  • common vaginal infection; autoinoculation (infection in eye) possible
  • may cause dyspareunia (pain with sex)
59
Q

What is Trichomoniasis?

A
  • caused by anaerobic protozoa
  • symptoms: green/frothy/stinky discharge
  • strawberry spots (small hemorrhagic areas on cervix) may appear
60
Q

What is Chlamydia?

A
  • cervix hypertrophies, becomes red and raw (erythematous), swells (edematous) and extremely friable
  • left untreated, may lead to Reiter syndrome: reactive arthritis that leads to conjunctivitis, urethritis and mucocutaneous lesions (“can’t see, can’t pee, can’t dance with me”)
61
Q

Which virus causes blueberry muffin rash?

A

Rubella (German Measles)

62
Q

Which STI causes strawberry spots?

A

Trichomoniasis

63
Q

Which STI leads to the “can’t see, can’t pee, can’t dance with me” phenomenon?

A

Chlamydia

64
Q

What is Gonorrhea?

A
  • more likely to infect woman (90%)

- may cause inflammation of fallopian tubes (salpingitis)

65
Q

What is Syphillis?

A
  • has three stages:
    Primary: lesion on site (chancre), apparent usually within 3 weeks
    Secondary: maculopapular rash (reddish eruptions on skin especially on hands and feet), also elevated, red-brown lesions called condylomata lata
    Tertiary: latency period - may last for life, can develop as long as 20 years after initial infection, lesions may include cardiovascular or CNS lesions or gumma: rubbery, non-inflammatory, necrotic lesions on liver, testes or bone

T2-SC (4 decks)

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