Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

T2-SC > T2-Systems_Immunity > Flashcards

T2-Systems_Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Body’s system that defends against foreign invaders (antigens)?

A

Immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name some invaders

A

bacteria, viruses, other organisms, foreign bodies/substances, abnormal molecules and cells that develop abnormally in the body (cancerous cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are bacteria, viruses, etc?

A

microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What tends to kill or damage microbes?

A

Antimicrobial substances (e.g. lysosomal enzymes released by immune cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a specific discrete component of an antigen that attracts immune responses?

A

Epitope (marked by an antibody or MHC - major histocompatibility complex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a collected coordinated response of the cells and molecules of the immune system to protect against infectious disease?

A

Immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two responses of the immune system?

A

Innate and Adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the innate response of the immune system?

A

A general response; first line of defence:

  • we are born with it
  • rapid, early response
  • always the same
  • primarily reacts to microbes
  • relies on phagocytes and antimicrobials
  • includes external physical barries like skin/mucous membranes
  • utilizes fever, inflammation, etc.
  • fairly easy for microbes to adapt to it
  • stimulates adaptive response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the first line of defense?

A

Skin and mucous membranes:

- sebum, mucous, hair, tears and saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the second line of defense?

A

AKA internal defenses
include:
- antimicrobial substances (interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins and antimicrobial proteins), natural killer (NK) cells, phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the complement system?

A

System that triggers adaptive response (series of cascading events)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the adaptive response?

A

A specific response; develops with exposure to organism/substance:

  • slower, develops in reaction to specific attributes of invader
  • works with innate processes to enhance reactivity
  • attacks microbes and antigens
  • generates immunologic memory - subsequent exposures lead to a more rapid response
  • typically what is meant by the term “immune system”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the primary cells of the immune system?

A

B-Lymphocytes (B-cells) and T-Lymphocytes (T-cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Act as Regulator cells (assist in controlling the orchestration of the immune response) and as Effector cells (kill/eliminate microbe or antigen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are accessory cells?

A

Phagocytes: macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils) that break apart an invader

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

Present antigens/epitopes to killer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

The immune cells and other immune material (like antibodies) that are circulating in the blood and lymph.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where else are immune cells located?

A
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • skin
  • mucosa
  • vital organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

B-cells

A
  • key players in humoral immunity
  • very good at recognizing antigens and microbes
  • produce antibodies
  • when activated, they select the type of clone needed.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a fully mature B-cell called and what does it do?

A

It’s called a Plasma cell. Plasma cells produce and secrete antibodies- aka immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and IgD)

21
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Bind to epitopes and either kill/neutralize the invader or present them to T-cells or macrophages.

22
Q

What do some B-cells become?

A

Memory cells, which do not participate in the initital immune response, but stay in the body to respond quickly if a second exposure to the same antigen occurs.

23
Q

IgG

A

“general”

  • 70-80% of antibodies
  • only Ig to cross placenta
  • antiviral, antitoxin, antibacterial actions
  • activates killer cells and complement system
24
Q

IgA

A

“milk at IGA”

  • predominant in breast milk, tears, saliva, nasal/respiratory secretions
  • blocks entry of organisms to eyes, gut, respiratory and urinary tracts
25
Q

IgM

A

“immediate”

  • early responder
  • first Ig formed after immunization
  • activates complement system
  • doesn’t leave lymph or blood; forms natural ABO blood antibodies
26
Q

IgD

A
  • present in small amounts

- needed for B-cell maturation

27
Q

IgE

A

“tinee”

  • tiny amounts in plasma
  • binds to mast cells and liberates histamines and other inflammatory substances - involved in allergic/hypersensitivity reactions
28
Q

What is an antigen-presenting cell?

A

Cells that bind to/break down antigens. B-cells, macrophages and dendritic cells all act as presenting cells.

29
Q

T-cells

A
  • responsible for cell-mediated (cellular) immunity
  • secrete messenger compounds that communicate with immune system cells, which:
  • attracts cells
  • prevent cells from leaving the area
  • amplify effectiveness
  • increase or decrease reactions
  • activate and regulate B-cells
  • signal natural killers
  • increase local blood flow to facilitate immune cell movement
  • determine if humoral or cellular immunity is needed
30
Q

Which cells are involved in self vs. non-self recognition and reaction

A

T-cells

31
Q

Describe the 2 types of immunity (and each level within)

A

1- Innate
2- Adaptive
a. Natural: Passive (from Mom) and Active (via infection)
b. Artifical: Passive (antibody transfer) and Active (dead/weak antigen)

32
Q

What is the mounting of an immune response against the body’s own tissues?

A

Auto-immunity

33
Q

Why does auto-immunity happen?

A
  1. The microbe might have similar characteristics to the attacked body tissue
  2. Exposure to a microbe or foreign tissue (like breast implant)
  3. Over response of immune activities (eg. rheumatoid arthritis, MS, etc.)
  4. Reduced T-cell suppressor response
34
Q

What are auto-antibodies

A

Self-antibodies involved in auto-immunity:

- e.g. MS (auto antibodies attack myelin sheaths in CNS)

35
Q

What binds with what to create immune complexes?

A

Auto-antibodies with self molecules

36
Q

What can happen with mistaken targeting of self cells as dangerous?

A

Can happen with drugs and viruses that have altered cellular markers

37
Q

How many types of hypersensitivity reactions are there?

A

There are 4

38
Q

T/F: Autoimmune diseases are typically more common in women than men?

A

True (may be related to hormones)

39
Q

Which hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE which leads to release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells?

A

Type 1: Immediate Hypersensitivity

40
Q

What are characteristics of Type I: Immediate Hypersensitivity?

A
  • begins rapidly
  • mediated by IgE
  • referred to as Allergic Reactions
  • vary in severity (mild/annoying - seasonal allergies, severely debilitating- asthma, life threatening - anaphylaxis)
41
Q

What are local/atopic reactions to Type I: Immediate Hypersensitivity?

A
  1. Allergic rhinitis: edema and hypersecretion of mucosal lining
  2. Asthma: lung disorder characterized by bronchoconstriction, edema and increased secretion of thick mucous of bronchi
  3. Urticara (hives): local wheals and erythema in dermis, associated with pruritis (itchiness), develops rapidly after exposure, ingested or through skin
  4. Angioedema: generalized edema of skin, lips, face, tongue, pharynx
  5. Gastrointestinal food allergies: reaction in the GI tract, symptoms - nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, less common than skin reactions
42
Q

What are systemic/anaphylatic reactions to Type I: Immediate Hypersensitivity?

A
  • acute, characterized by pruritis, generalized flusing, headache, difficulty breathing, drop in blood pressure (which leads to shock and loss of consciousness)
  • caused by smooth muscle contraction and vascular dilation
  • common allergens: pollens, food, chemicals, insect stings, drugs.

Tx: epinephrine, subcutaneously

43
Q

What are characteristics of Type II: Antibody-Mediated Hypersensitivity?

A
  • mediated by IgG and IgM
  • characterized by formation of antibodies directed against blood cells, and their destruction
  1. Erythroblastiosis Fetalis: hemolytic disease in babies which occurs if mother is Rh- and fetus is Rh+ in subsequent pregnancies
  2. Blood transfusion reactions: when incompatible blood type is administered, manifests as fever, chills, renal failure
  3. Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: antibodies produced by person’s own body are responsible for hemolysis of erythrocytes, manifests as anemia
  4. Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia: antibodies against platelets, manifests as petechiea (small hemorrhages), purpura (bruising), mucosal bleeding
44
Q

What is pruritis?

A

itching

45
Q

What is purpura?

A

bruising

46
Q

What are characteristics of Type III: Immune Complex-Mediated Hypersensitivity?

A
  • mediated by formation of antigen-immunoglobulin complexes, complement fixation, and localized inflammation
  • involves IgM and IgG
  • immune complexes formed in circulation produce damage when contact with blood vessel lining
  1. Arthus Reaction: local necrosis response
  2. Serum Sickness (eg. Penicillin) : systemic response, caused by animal serum or drugs, antigen-antibody complex formed
  3. Glomerulonephritis: acute streptococcal infection responsible for formation of antibodies, form immune complex, causes inflammation of glomerular membrane, symptoms include: hematuria and proteinuria
  4. Polyarteritis nodosa: inflammation and necrosis of medium-sized arteries, antigen can be penicillin or Hep B virus, whole body affected
47
Q

What is hematuria

A

Blood in urine

48
Q

What is proteinuria

A

Protein in urine

49
Q

What are characteristics of Type IV: Delayed or Cell-Mediated Hypersensitivity?

A
  • mediated by sensitized T-cells
  • manifests as sub-acute or chronic inflammation, with infiltration of tissue by lymphocytes and macrophages:
  1. Contact Dermatitis: acute or chronic delayed on skin surface, caused by plants, drugs, bugs, cosmetics, dyes, paints, jewelry. Manifests as: skin erythema, edema, pruritis and vascular eruption.
  2. Graft Rejection: Due to delayed hypersensitivity reaction, chronic inflammation with infiltration of graft with infiltration of tissue by lymphocytes and macrophages

T2-SC (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions