T2- society and freedoms tsars and communists

Question 1

What were the main reasons for social change?

Answer 1

Pop growth
Large numbers of peasants moving to urban cities
Nobility declining by 1914
Communist ideology- dictatorship of the proletariat

Question 2

Population growth and distribution- tsars

Answer 2

Dramatic pop growth between 1890 and interwar period
74 mil inhabitants 1858- 166mil in 1913
94% agrarian in 1855, 80% agrarian by 1917

Question 3

Social structure- Tsars

Answer 3

Feudal style hierarchy (until e of serfs)

Nobility in decline

Question 4

Population growth and distribution- communists

Answer 4

Population continued to grow
212 mil inhabitants
51% agrarian by 1964

Question 5

Social structure- communists

Answer 5

Bureaucratic style hierarchy
Dictatorship of the proletariat under Lenin
Rise in middle class- 2 mil by 1914-17
Majority of society were workers, commu gov dominated by elite

Question 6

Education under the Tsars

Answer 6

+School inspectors introduced in 1877
+Primary schools 23k in 1880 to 81k in 1914
+Alexander II introduced ‘new code’, doubling secondary students by 1865
-Alexander III (the reaction) removed uni autonomy and restricted lc access
-Stolypin banned all non-academic uni meetings

Question 7

Education under Communists

Answer 7

+Primary school attendance compulsory to age of 12 in 1930
+Bourgeois gymnasia schools replaced with polytechnics
+school fees scrapped in 1939
+6.9 mil attending secondary school by 1932

Question 8

Religion under the Tsars

Answer 8

Orthodox religion the lynchpin of tsarism. non orthodox tolerated, but encouraged to convert

Question 9

Religion under the communists

Answer 9

-Orthodoxy attacked under Lenin with the league of the militant godless (Stalin maintained)
-Khrushchev tried to replace religion with moral code
Orthodox churches demolished in 1961

Question 10

Culture and arts tsars vs communists

Answer 10

Tsars
Russian culture based around traditionalism, music, operas and ballets flourished
Communists
Lenin controlled arts through agitprop (political propoganda)
Stalin censored western culture
Khrushchev allowed for more western influences to be brought into russia e.g clothes and music

Question 11

Political freedoms Tsars

Answer 11

+Zemstva elections
-Could only choose people based on limited electoral college
+Duma elections
-People who could vote were limited

Question 12

Political freedoms Communists

Answer 12

+ Central committe technically elected by people
-Dominated by elite
+PG set up elections for constituent assembly
-Bolsheviks overthrew Srs, saying elections were rigged
+1936 Stalin constitution claimed to give more freedoms (repealed restrictions on voting)
-However still dictatorial