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(D) MOD > T2 Lecture 4- Immunology > Flashcards

T2 Lecture 4- Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 key properties of the immune system?

A

A diverse repertoire of antigen receptors.
Immune memory - rapid recall
Immunological tolerance - prevent immune damage to normal self-tissues

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2
Q

What are the 3 roles of the Immune System?

A
  1. Defense against invasion (bacteria, viruses, foreign substances)
  2. Distinguish between self and invader
  3. Defense against abnormal cells/molecule formation in the body.
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3
Q

What is the most important function of the immune system?

A

Defending against infection by preventing infection and/or eliminating established infections.

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4
Q

What are the two types of immunity and their differences?

A

Innate/Natural immunity is the first type of immunity and includes the skin and epithelial layers, and our innate immunity.

Adaptive/Acquired immunity is the 2nd line of defense and is found only in vetebrates. It includes adaptive immunity and antigen specific immunity.

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5
Q

What is progenitor of the granulocytes and the lymphocytes?

A

Myeloid stem cells differentiate into granulocytes while lymphoid stem cells differentiate into lymphocytes.

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6
Q

What cell types do lymphocytes differentiate into?

A

B cells, T cells, and NK cells.

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7
Q

What are dendritic cells derived from?

A

Monocytes

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8
Q

What are the epithelial barriers of the body?

A

All portals of entry into our body.
Includes:
Mechanical/Physical: flow of fluids, mucus, saliva, urine, tears
Chemical: sebum, enzymes, and lysozymes, acids, antimicrobial peptides
Microbiological/Cellular: normal flora of skin, GI tract, resp tract, GU tract, and eyes.

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9
Q

What are the cells involved in our innate immune response?

A

Monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells.

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10
Q

What is % of WBCs is a monocyte?

A

It is 3-7%.

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11
Q

What cells are not granulocytes in our innate immunity?

A

Monocytes and NK cells.

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12
Q

What are the immune functions of macrophages?

A

Clearing out bacteria that get past the epithelial barrier
Phagocytosis
Produce cytokines that help initiate inflammation and recruit other cells
Present antigens to T cells
Non-immune function: garbage disposal

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13
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells?

A

Resides in the body’s tissues and serves as cellular messengers that initiate adaptive immune response.
They degrade pathogens from infected tissues and transport them to organs that are involved in adaptive immunity.
One of the APCs.

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14
Q

How do NK cells work?

A

They are found circulating in the blood and use membrane receptors to recognize damaged cells, such as virus-infected cells or tumor cells.
Does not use antigen receptors.
Kills cells by releasing granules to cause lysis or apoptosis of the cell.

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15
Q

Why are NK cells important?

A

They help limit the spread of infection via cytokine production.

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16
Q

What can the unchecked accumulation and activation of granulocytes lead to?

A

Host tissue damage, such as in systemic necrotizing vasculitis.

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17
Q

What is the most abundant WBC?

A

Neutrophils, which consist of 55% of all WBCs. They will degrade after a few days if not used.

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18
Q

What kind of infection are neutrophils usually present in?

A

Bacterial infections.

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19
Q

What are the two ways neutrophils kill pathogens?

A

Phagocytosis with ROS.
NETs

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20
Q

What is ROS?

A

Reactive oxidative species, which uses free radicals to destroy all cells.

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21
Q

What is a NET?

A

Neutrophil Extracellular Trap, which immobilize pathogens, facilitate phagocytosis, and directly kill pathogens.

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22
Q

What is the second most abundant granulocyte?

A

Eosinophils, which account for 1-4% of all WBCs.

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23
Q

What are the immune functions of Eosinophils?

A

Release granules containing toxic proteins, peroxidase, and hydrolases.
Display surface membrane receptors for IgE antibodies.

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24
Q

What is the rarest granulocyte in circulation?

A

Basophils, which account for <1% of all WBCs.

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25
Q

What do mediators can basophils and mast cells release?

A

Histamine and heparin

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26
Q

Response of Histamine

A

heat, swelling, pain, etc.

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27
Q

What additional mediator can a mast cell release that a basophil does not?

A

Lipid mediators to affect blood vessels and smooth muscle.

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28
Q

What do DAMP and PAMP stand for?

A

Damage associated molecular pattern
Pathogen associated molecular pattern (note: these should never appear on host cells)

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29
Q

What receptors recognize DAMP and PAMPs?

A

(PRRs) pattern recognition receptors: innate immune cell receptors

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30
Q

In what conditions are TLRs typically seen in?

A

Wound healing, wound repair, and tissue regeneration

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31
Q

How do NK cell receptors work?

A

They have activating and inhibitory receptors. Healthy cells engage with the inhibitory receptors, while damaged cells express stress molecules that trigger the activating receptors to overpower the inhibitory.

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32
Q

Describe a receptor-ligand interaction

A

Two cells in close contact with each other must interact via one having a ligand and one having a receptor specific to the ligand. Once activated, the receptor can carry out its function.

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33
Q

What are the soluble factors and mediators of innate immunity?

A

Opsonins, Inflammatory cytokines, Acute phase proteins, and the complement system

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34
Q

Where do opsonins bind to?

A

PRRs on pathogens.

35
Q

What are opsonins?

A

Opsonins are proteins that can coat a cell to enhance phagocytosis of that cell.
It commonly includes acute phase proteins, lectins, and complements.

36
Q

What are the inflammatory cytokines involved in innate immunity?

A

TNFs, IFNs, and chemokines

37
Q

What are the acute-phase proteins involved in innate immunity?

A

C-reactive protein and mannose-binding lectin

38
Q

What are the goals of the complement system in innate immunity?

A

To increase inflammation, opsonization, and to form the membrane attack complex.

39
Q

What are the functions of cytokines on immune cells?

A

Regulating the growth, development, and activation of immune system cells.

40
Q

What are two distinct characteristics of cytokines?

A

Redundant (Overlapping functions) and Pleiotropic (multiple pathways create them)

41
Q

What is the difference between autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine?

A

autocrine is self-signaling
paracrine is nearby signaling
endocrine is far off signaling

42
Q

What is the function of a chemokine in innate immunity?

A

Direct migration of leukocytes to areas of injury and to locations where the immune response has been activated. They can communicate from a distance.

43
Q

What are the major sources of cytokines in immunity?

A

Macrophages and T-cells

44
Q

What does the response of a cell depend on in regards to cytokines?

A

The sum of the signals received.

45
Q

What is the function of IL in immunity?

A

It enhances our acquired immune response or it can enhance/inhibit the inflammatory response.

46
Q

What is the function of IFNs in immunity?

A

Protection from viral infections and to modulate the inflammatory response.

47
Q

What is the function of TNFs in immunity and what triggers its release?

A

Important mediator of inflammation.
Acts as an endogenous pyrogen to stimulate the liver to make proinflammatory substances.
It is produced by macrophages when a PAMP is detected by a TLR.

48
Q

What are the classes of chemokines in the immune response?

A

C, CC, CXC, and CX3C

49
Q

Which chemokine class is responsible for chronic inflammation and what does it attract?

A

CC is responsible for chronic inflammation and it attracts monocytes, lymphocytes, and eosinophils.

50
Q

Which chemokine class is responsible for acute inflammation and what does it attract?

A

CXC is responsible for acute inflammation and it attracts neutrophils.

51
Q

What communicates with G-protein coupled receptors in target cells?

A

Chemokines

52
Q

What triggers the complement system?

A

Infection

53
Q

Where are complement proteins synthesized and primarily found?

A

They are synthesized in the liver and primarily found in the plasma inactivated.

54
Q

What regulates the complement system?

A

Host cell proteins inhibit it to prevent self-damage.

55
Q

What are the 3 pathways of the complement system?

A

Alternative (innate immunity)
Classic (humoral immunity)
Lectin/MBL (microbes with mannose groups)

56
Q

Which complement pathway is triggered by antibodies?

A

Classic

57
Q

What are the starter complement proteins?

A

C1, C2, and C4

58
Q

What is the central complement protein formed by all pathways that leads to MAC formation?

A

C3b

59
Q

What are the 3 functions of C3b?

A

Opsonization, phagocytosis, and precursor to the MAC.

60
Q

What are the functions of C3a and C5a?

A

chemoattractants for neutrophils and monocytes in inflammation

61
Q

What complements make up the MAC?

A

C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9.

62
Q

What are antigens?

A

Molecules on a cell’s surface that are recognized and responded to by cells in the adaptive immune system.
Antigens can be either molecules like proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and nucleoproteins or whole cells like bacteria, protozoa, tumor cells, and virus-infected cells.

63
Q

Where do B and T cells mature?

A

B-cells in the bone marrow
T-cells in the Thymus

64
Q

humoral immunity

A

in the blood, driven by B cells

65
Q

What does CD stand for and how does it occur?

A

CD stands for cluster of differentiation and is a receptor protein for a specific antigen. Lymphocytes leave their lymphoid organ to circulate in the blood and lymph

66
Q

What produces antibodies?

A

B cells, specifically plasma cells, which are activated B cells. Memory B cells cannot produce antibodies unless they differentiate back into plasma cells.

67
Q

What are the subclasses of T cells?

A

T helper cells (CD4)
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)
Regulatory T cells

68
Q

How do CD4 T cells recognize pathogens?

A

They have antigen receptors that recognize peptide fragments bound to specialized peptide display molecules that are on APCs

69
Q

What cells do T helper cells assist?

A

Help B lymphocytes produce antibodies
Help macrophages destroy ingested microbes

70
Q

What is the difference between an antibody/BCR and a TCR?

A

An antibody/BCR is the receptor for an antigen on a B cell, while a TCR is the receptor for an antigen on a T cell.

Antibodies can be secreted, whereas TCRs must stay on the cell surface.

71
Q

What is the difference between B cell and T cells when it comes to antigen recognition?

A

B cells recognize all organic molecules while T cells recognize protein antigens.
B cells can recognize an antigen in its native state, while a T cell must be presented with it.

72
Q

What is the variable region of a lymphocyte’s receptor?

A

antigen binding site

73
Q

Describe the makeup of an antibody.

A

Composed of a heavy chain constant region known as the Fc portion, which defines the function of that class of antibody. The upper portion of an antibody is Y and the ending is the Fab portion, which is variable.

74
Q

What is MHC and what is its function?

A

It is a display molecule known as a major histocompatibility complex protein. Its goal is to help lymphocytes ignore self-antigens.

75
Q

What are the MHC classes and their purpose?

A

Class I and II are for human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
Class III is for genes that encode complement components.

76
Q

Where do I find MHC class I molecules and what recognizes them?

A

MHC Class I molecules are found on all host cells (all nucleated cells) and are recognized by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes.

77
Q

Where are MHC class I molecules derived from?

A

They are peptides derived from protein antigens found within the processing cell’s cytoplasm.

78
Q

Where do I find MHC class II molecules and what recognizes them?

A

MHC Class II molecules come from extracellular protein antigens and are presented to CD4 T helper cells.

79
Q

What are the APCs (antigen presenting cells)?

A

Dendritic cells, Macrophages, and B lymphocytes.

80
Q

What are the central/primary lymphoid organs?

A

The bone marrow and the Thymus

81
Q

What are the peripheral lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosal associated tissues such as the adenoids, tonsils, appendix, and peyer’s patches in the small intestine.

82
Q

Why are lymph nodes essential for the immune system?

A

They provide areas for lymphocytes to live and enter/exit the bloodstream via afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels.

83
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

It is a filter for blood and responds to pathogens in the blood. Lymphocytes, antigens, and dendritic cells all enter it via blood.

84
Q

What is MALT and where is it found?

A

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue
It is lymphoid tissue that is around mucosal epithelia, such as the GI/respiratory tracts, tonsils, adenoids, lymph nodes and peyer’s patches.

(D) MOD (16 decks)

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