T2: ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS Flashcards
1
Q
Is a general term for any medication that is effective against pathogens
A
ANTI- INFECTIVE
2
Q
Although antibiotic is more frequently used, these term refers only to natural substances produced by microorganism that can kill other microorganism
A
ANTI-INFECTIVE
3
Q
Medications that accomplish this goal by killing the bacteria.
A
BACTERIOCIDAL/BACTERICIAL
4
Q
This drug will not kill the bacteria but instead slow their growth, depending on the body’s natural defense to dispose microorganism.
A
BACTERIOSTATIC
5
Q
Microorganism have the ability to replicate extremely rapidly
A
MUTATION OR ERRORS IN GENETIC CODE
6
Q
Occur spontaneously and randomly throughout the bacterial chromosomes
A
MUTATION OR ERRORS IN GENETIC CODE
7
Q
Clients develop an infection that is resistant to conventional drug therapy.
A
ACQUIRED RESISTANCE
8
Q
Are effective against many different species of pathogens
A
BROAD SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTIC
9
Q
Effective against only one or a restricted group of microorganism
A
NARROW SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTIC
10
Q
Process of growing the pathogen and identifying the most effective antibiotic.
A
CULTURE AND SENSITIVITY TEST
11
Q
Appearance of secondary infection
A
SUPERINFECTION
12
Q
Occur when microorganisms normally present in the body are destroyed
A
SUPERINFECTION
13
Q
Normal microorganism, inhabit the skin, upper respiratory, genitourinary, and intestinal tract.
A
HOST FLORA
14
Q
to kill enough bacteria, or to slow the growth of the infection, so that natural body defenses can overcome the invading agent
A
PRIMARY GOAL OF ANTIBIOTIC
15
Q
caused by the acid-fast bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis or tubercle bacillus
A
TUBERCULOSIS
16
Q
killing one person than any other infectious disease, including acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) –immune disorder characterized by opportunistic diseases
A
TUBERCULOSIS
17
Q
Slow growing mycobacterium usuallybecome dormant, existing inside cavities.
A
TUBERCLES
18
Q
Agents that treat tuberculosis
A
ANTI-TUBERCULAR DRUGS
19
Q
first drug used to treat TB, and is given parenteral antibiotic
A
STREPTOMYCIN
20
Q
first oral drug preparation effective against the tubercle bacillus and was
discovered in 1952
A
ISONIAZID (INH
21
Q
was discovered in 1952
A
ISONIAZID (INH)
22
Q
bacterial drug that inhibits tubercle cell wall synthesis and blocks pyridoxine (Vit. B6), which is used for intracellular enzyme production.
A
ISONIAZID (INH)
23
Q
have a cell wall that is resistant to penetration by antibiotic
A
Mycobacteria
24
Q
durgh therapy for this differs from that of most otherinfections
A
TUBERCULOSIS
25
medications reach the isolated microorganism in the tubercles at
6 to 12 months OF DURG THERAPY
26
is needed when the clients develop multidrug resistant
24 months of drug therapy
27
different combinations of drugs may be used. At least 2 and sometimes 4 or more antibiotics are administered concurrently.
6 to 24 months of drug therapy
28
1. FIRST LINE DRUGS
2. SECOND LINE DRUGS
TWO BROAD CATEGORIES OF ANTITUBERCULAR DRUGS
29
Are safer and generally the most effective
FIRST LINE DRUGS of Anti-tubercular Drugs
30
1. Ethambutol (Myanbutol)
2. Isoniazid (INH)
3. Pyrazinamide (PZA)
4. Rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane)
5. Rifapentine (Priftine)
6. Streptomycin
Rifater: Combination of PZA with INH and rifampin
FIRST LINE DRUGS of Anti-tubercular Drugs
31
Combination of PZA with INH andrifampin
Rifater
32
- More toxic and less effective than firstline drugs
- Used when resistance develops
SECOND LINE DRUGS of Anti-tubercular Drugs
33
1. Amikacin (Amikin)
2. Capreomycin (Capastat sulfacte)
3. Ciproflaxin (Cipro)
4. Cyclosporine (Seromycin)
5. Ethionamide (Trecator-SC)
6. Kanamycin (Kantrex)
SECOND LINE DRUGS of Anti-tubercular Drugs
34
Is approved for tuberculosis prophylaxis in HIV positive patients for a short-term therapy of 2 months
COMBINATION OF INH and PZA
35
Recommended to HIV positive patient withpositive TB skin test as prophylactic for 2 months
RIFAMPIN AND PZA
36
- primary anti-tubercular drug used and may cause isoniazid-induced liver damage
ISONIAZID
37
Must be taken with Pyridoxine (Vit B6) to avoid deficiency and peripheral neuropathy
ISONIAZID
38
1) MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE
2) MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX
TWO TYPES OF MYCOBACTERIA THAT INFECTS HUMANS
39
o Responsible for leprosy
o Treated with multiple drugs, usually beginning with Rifampin
MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE
40
o Causes infection of the lungs, most
commonly observed in AIDS
MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX
41
1. AZITHROMYCIN (ZITHROMAX)
2. CLARITHROMYCIN (BIAXIN)
Effective drugs against MAC
42
1. Isoniazid and Rifampin
2. Isoniazid, Rifampin, and Ethambutol
3. Isoniazid, Rifampin, and Pyrazinamide
MULTI DRUGS THERAPY
43
- well absorbed in the GI tract
- Administered IM
- Has low protein binding rate (10%)
ISONIAZID (INH)
44
- Has low protein binding rate (10%)
- metabolized in the liver and 75% of the drug is excreted in the urine
ISONIAZID (INH)
45
Inhibits cell wall synthesis of the tubercle bacillus
ISONIAZID (INH)
46
an adverse reaction to isoniazid, so ___________ is usually taken to decrease probability of neuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy; Pyridoxine (Vit B6)
47
Should not be taken with alcohol will increase incidence of peripheral neuropathy
ISONIAZID (INH)
48
decreases isoniazid absorption
Antacids
49
If this is taken with isoniazid, the effect of this will decrease
phenytoin
50
when you are taking anti TB drugs, Do not drink alcohol to prevent
peripheral neuropathy.
51
1. hepatotoxicity,
2. Px may develop headache
3. blood dyscrasias
4. paresthesia
5. GI distress
6. ocular toxicity
INH, Rifampin, Streptomycin
52
turns body fluids orange
Rifampin SIDE EFFECT
53
may develop
1. dizziness,
2. confusion
3. hallucination
4. joint pains
Ethambutol SIDE EFFECTS
54
1. ototoxicity
2. optic nerve toxicity
3. encephalopathy
4. angioedema
5. CNS and respiratory depression
6. nephrotoxicity
7. ototoxicity
Streptomycin
55
For Anti-tubercular Drugs, Assess for the presence of or history of a positive
1. tuberculin skin test
2. sputum
3. culture, or a close contact to a person recently infected with TB
56
For Anti-tubercular Drugs, Assess for the presence of or history of
1. alcohol abuse
2. AIDS
3. liver disease
4. kidney disease because many antituberculosis drugs are contraindicated in those conditions
57
Use caution in clients with
1. renal dysfunction
2. pregnancy and lactation
3. w/ hx of convulsive disorder
4. chronic liver disease or alcoholism
Anti-tubercular drugs
58
contraindicated in clients with optic neuritis
Ethambutol (Myambutol)
59
interact with oral contraceptives and decrease their effectiveness, female clients with childbearing potential should use an alternative form of birth control
Antituberculotic drugs
60
if taking Antituberculotic drugs, report
1. yellow eyes and skin,
2. loss of appetite
3. dark urine
4. unusual tiredness
61
If taking isoniazid, avoid foods containing
tyramine
62
1. age cheese
2. smoked and pickled fish
3. beer
4. red wine
5. bananas
6. chocolate
EX of tyramine
63
Single-celled or multicellular organisms whose primary role on the planet is to serve as decomposers of dead plants and animals, returning their elements to the soil for recycling.
FUNGI
64
- mushrooms, yeast, and molds
- Also known as Dermatophytes
FUNGI
65
Cause superficial fungal infections involving the integumentary system, including the mucous membranes, hair, nails, and moist skin areas, and the respiratory tract.
FUNGI
66
Serve as a route for invasive fungi to enter the body and infect internal organ.
LUNGS
67
1) OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION
2) NON-OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGAL INFECTION
68
Usually occur in the immunocompromised or debilitated population (patient who have cancer or AIDS) or those taking antibiotic, corticosteroid, chemotherapy, or other immunosuppressives.
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION
69
part of the normal flora of the mouth, skin, intestines, and vagina.
CANDIDA
70
1. Aspergillosis
2. Cryptococcosis
3. Mucor mycosis
EX OF OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION
71
1. Sporotrichosis
2. Blastomycosis,
3. Histoplasmosis
4. Coccidioidomycosis
can occur in any individual.
EX of NON-OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION
72
fungal disease
MYCOSES
73
Affect the scalp, skin, nails, and mucous membranes such as oral cavity and vagina
SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES
74
Mycoses in this type are often treated with topical drugs because the incidence of side effect is much lower using this route of administration
SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES
75
Superficial fungal infections are sometimes called
Dermatophytic
76
Are those affecting internal organs, typically the lungs, brain, and digestive organs
SYSTEMIC MYCOSES
77
affects multiple body system and are sometimes fatal to client with suppressed immune system
SYSTEMIC MYCOSES
78
require aggressive oral and parenteral medications that produce more adverse effects than the topical agents
SYSTEMIC MYCOSES
79
o Are used to treat fungal infections
o They are fungistatic or fungicidal depending upon the susceptibility of the fungus and the dosage.
ANTI-FUNGAL DRUGS/ANTIMYCOTIC
80
.
1. Polyenes (Amphoteracin B and nystatin)
2. Azoles (Ketoconazole)
3. Antimetabolites (Flucystosine)
4. Echinocandins (Caspofungin)
5. Antiprotozoals (Atovaquone)
6. Amphotericin B (Fungizone, Abelcet, Amphotec)
7. Anidulafugin (Eraxis)
8. Caspufungin Acetate (Cancidas)
9. Flucytosine (5-fluorocytosine, Ancobon)
10. Micafungin (Mycamine)
ANTI-FUNGAL DRUGS
81
Drug of choice for systemic fungal infections and currently with close supervision because it can cause number of serious side effects
AMPHOTERICIN B (FUNGIZONE)
82
is effective against numerous fungal diseases, including the:
1. histoplasmosis
2. cryptococcosis
3. aspergillosis
4. blastomycosis
5. candidiasis (systemic infection.)
AMPHOTERICIN B (FUNGIZONE)
83
Drug of choice for the treatment of less systemic infections
INTRACONAZOLE
84
Sometimes combined with Amphotericin B in the pharmacotherapy of severe candidiasis
FLUCYTOSINE (ANCOBON)
85
Can cause immunosuppression and liver toxicity and resistance has become a major problem
FLUCYTOSINE (ANCOBON)
86
● Highly protein bound and has a long haft life
● 5% of the drug is excreted in the urine
PHARMACOKINETICS OF AMPHOTERICIN B
87
● not absorbed from the GT tract
● Administered IV in low doses in treating systemic fungal infection
PHARMACODYNAMICS OF AMPHOTERICIN B
88
Peak effect OF AMPHOTERICIN B occurs ; duration is
1 to 2 hours after IV infusion; 20 hours
89
● Flush
● Fever
● Chills
● Nausea
● Vomiting
● Hypertension, paresthesia, thrombophlebitis
● Nephrotoxicity
● Electrolyte imbalance
- hypokalemia
- hypomagnesemia
SIDE EFFECTS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS OF AMPHOTERICIN B
90
ANTI-FUNGAL is Used continuously in those with
1. renal impairment or severe bone marrow suppression
2. pregnancy
91
1 oliguria
2. changes intake/ output ratios
3. hematuria
4. abnormal renal function tests.
immediately report for
92
1 oliguria
2. changes intake/ output ratios
3. hematuria
4. abnormal renal function tests.
if taking ANTI-FUNGALs, immediately report for
93
1. ototoxicity
2. assess for hearing loss
3. vertigo
4. Unsteady gait
5. tinnitus
ANTI-FUNGALs ADVERSE REAX
94
groups is effective against candidiasis (Superficial and systemic)
AZOLE
95
consists of two different chemical classes, the imidazole and the triazoles
AZOLE
96
interfere with the biosynthesis of ergosterol, which is essential for fungal cell membranes
AZOLE ANTI-FUNGAL DRUGS
97
largest and most versatile group of anti-fungal
AZOLE CLASS
98
Drugs in this class have broad spectrum and may be used to treat any fungal infection.
AZOLE CLASS
99
First effective anti-fungal drug that was orally absorbed.
KETOCONAZOLE
100
1. FLUCONAZOLE (Diflucan)
2. INTRACONAZOLE (Sporanox)
3. KETOCONAZOLE (Nizoral),
4. VORICONAZOLE (Vfend)
used for both systemic and topical infections
101
Drug of choice for superficial fungal infections of the skin, vagina, and mouth.
CLOTRIMAZOLE (Mycelex)
102
1. Nausea and vomiting
2. Anaphylaxis and rash
3. Menstrual irregularities
4. Gynecomastia in men and decline in testosterone level
5. Decreased libido and temporary sterility in men
MOST COMMON ADVERSE EFFECT OF SYSTEMIC AZOLE
103
Contraindicated to client with hypersensitivity to azole anti-fungal
AZOLE ANTI-FUNGAL
104
Used with caution in clients with renal impairments
AZOLE ANTI-FUNGAL
105
Obtain BUN, creatinine, and liver function test before therapy begins and throughout the course of treatment
AZOLE ANTI-FUNGAL
106
Do not give this to clients with chronic alcoholism, because additive hepatoxicity may occur (AZOLE)
ketoconazole (Nizoral)
107
Assess for GI side effects like nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, or diarrhea
AZOLE ANTI-FUNGAL
108
Monitor for signs or hepatoxicity like
1. pruritus
2. jaundice
3. dark urine
4. skin rash
AZOLE ANTI-FUNGAL
109
Report the use of any other prescription or OTC medications, herbal remedies, or dietary supplements
AZOLE DRUGS
110
- Avoid alcohol use
- Monitor urine output and drink plenty of water
AZOLE DRUGS
111
Practice reliable contraception and notify your healthcare provider if pregnancy is planned or suspected
AZOLE DRUGS
112
Immediately report
1. increased GI distress
2. anorexia
3. weight loss
5. jaundice
6. yellow sclera
7. dark urine
AZOLE DRUGS
113
If diabetic, increase the frequency of blood glucose monitoring and report hypoglycemia
AZOLE DRUGS
114
Are generally not severe
SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES
115
1. Nystatin (Mycostatin, Nilstat, Nystex)
2. Terbinafine (Lamisil)
3. Tolnaflate (Aftate, Tinactin)
AGENTS FOR SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES
116
Much safer than their systemic counterparts
SUPERFICIAL ANTI-FUNGAL DRUGS
117
Administered orally or topically to treat candida infections
NYSTATIN (MYCOSTATIN)
118
Available in
1. suspension
2. cream
3. ointment,
4. vagina tablet
NYSTATIN (MYCOSTATIN)
119
Poorly absorb via GI tract however oral tablet form is to treat intestinal candidiasis
NYSTATIN (MYCOSTATIN)
120
More common used is in oral suspension for candida infections in the mouth
NYSTATIN (MYCOSTATIN)
121
an inexpensive, older agent given the oral route that is indicated for
1. mycoses of the skin
2. hair
3. nails
that have not responded to conventional topical preparations.
GRISEOFULVIN (FULCIVIN)
122
Are oral preparations that have the advantage of accumulating in nail beds, allowing them to remain active many months after therapy is discontinued
ITRACONAZOLE (SPORANOX) AND TEBINAFINE (Lamisil)
123
Are OTC drugs of choice for vulvovaginal candida infections
MICONAZOLE AND CLOTRIMAZOLE
124
Frequently used to treat athlete’s foot and jock itch
TOLNAFLATE AND UNDECYCLENIC ACID
125
IN SUPERFICIAL ANTI-FUNGAL DRUGS, Assess for signs of________, if this
is present, withhold the drug and notify the primary health care provider
CONTACT DERMATITIS
126
Do not use superficial anti-fungal, such as_________ , intravaginally during
pregnancy to treat infection caused by Gardnerella vaginalis or trichomonas species
nystatin (myostatin)
127
- Use cautiously in clients who are lactating
- The medications may be “swished or swallowed” when used to treat oral candidiasis
SUPERFICIAL ANTI-FUNGAL DRUGS
128
when the client is taking high doses of this, monitor for side effects such as :
1. nausea & vomiting, and
2. diarrhea
SUPERFICIAL ANTI-FUNGAL DRUGS
129
in SUPERFICIAL ANTI-FUNGAL DRUGS, monitor for signs of improvement in the __________ to evaluate the effectiveness of the medication
mouth and tongue
130
Complete the full course of treatment: some infections require pharmacotherapy for several months
SUPERFICIAL ANTI-FUNGAL THERAPY
131
If self-treating with OTC preparations, follow the direction carefully and notify the health care provider if symptoms do not resolve in ______
SUPERFICIAL ANTI-FUNGAL THERAPY; 7 to 10 days
132
Abstain from sexual intercourse until treatment for vaginal infection has been completed
SUPERFICIAL ANTI-FUNGAL THERAPY
133
Perform oral hygiene before using oral lozenges or swish-and-swallow formulations
SUPERFICIAL ANTI-FUNGAL THERAPY
134
Are medicine or drugs used to treat infections or disease caused by protozoa
ANTI-PROTOZOAL DRUGS
135
These drugs destroy protozoa or prevent their growth and ability to produce
ANTI-PROTOZOAL DRUGS
136
Available in liquid, tablet, and injectable forms
ANTI-PROTOZOAL DRUGS
137
Single-celled animals
PROTOZOA
138
These parasites often thrive in condition where sanitation and personal hygiene are poor and population density is high
PROTOZOA
139
infection often occurs in clients who are immunocompromised
PROTOZOA infection
140
Used in the treatment of protozoan infections
ANTI-PROTOZOAL AGENTS
141
1. Malaria
2. Amoebiasis
3. sleeping sickness
4. Toxoplasmosis
5. trichomoniasis
6. Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP)
COMMON DISEASES CAUSED BY PROTOZOA
142
1. ANTI-MALARIAL DRUGS
2. ANTI-AMEBIASIS
PROTOTYPE
143
1. Atovaquone and Proguanil (Malarone)
2. Chloroquine hydrochloride (Aralen)
3. Hydrochloroquinesulfate (Plaquenil)
4. Mefloquine (Lariam)
5. Primaquine Phosphate
6. Pyrimethamine (Daraprim)
7. Quinine (Quinam)
ANTI-MALARIAL DRUGS
144
1. Metronidazole (Flagyl)
2. Flurozolidone (Furoxone)
3. Lodoquinol
ANTI-AMEBIASIS DRUGS
145
Alters protozoal DNA, depleting folates and reducing nucleic acid production
ANTI-MALARIAL
146
Blocks protein synthesis
ANTI-AMOEBA
147
contraindicated in clients with hematological disorders or severe skin disorders such as psoriasis or during pregnancy
Antimalarial drugs
148
Used cautiously in clients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease and those who are lactating
Antimalarial drugs
149
Initial lab works include a CBC, liver and renal function test and a test for G6PD deficiency.
Antimalarial drugs
150
may precipitate anemia in clients with G6PD deficiency and may cause bone marrow depression
Chloroquine (Aralen)
151
Obtain a baseline ECG because of potential
cardiac complications associated with
antimalarial drugs
Antimalarial drugs
152
Obtain baseline V/S especially BT, BP, and
hearing and vision testing
Antimalarial drugs
153
Monitor for GI side effects such as vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain; oral anti-malarial can be given with food to reduce GI upset
Antimalarial drugs
154
Assess for signs of allergic reactions such as
1. flushing,
2. rashes,
3. edema
4. pruritus
Antimalarial drugs
155
Monitor for signs of toxicity, which includes
1. tinnitus with quinine, and
2. severe cardiac complications and
3. CNS complications such as seizures and
4. blurred vision with chloroquine.
Antimalarial drugs
156
1. Change position slowly to avoid dizziness
2. Practice reliable contraception and notify health care provider if pregnancy is planned or suspected
ANTI-MALARIAL DRUGS
157
Immediately report
1. flushing
2. rashes
3. edema,
4. itching
5. tinnitus
6. blurred vision
7. seizures
ANTI-MALARIAL DRUGS
158
most significant protozoal disease worldwide, infections caused by other protozoans affect significant numbers of people in endemic areas.
This includes:
● Amoebiasis, toxoplasmosis, giardiasis
● Cryptosporidos, trichomoniasis
● Trypanosomiasis, Leishmaniasis
PLASMODIUM
159
Severe form of diarrhea, the primary symptoms is amebic dysentery.
AMEBIASIS
160
Traditional drug of choice for non-malarial protozoal infections like Amoebiasis
METRONIDAZOLE (FLAGYL
161
- Approved by FDA for the treatment of trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and amoebiasis
TINIDAZOLE (TINDAMAX)
162
This drug is similar to metronidazole but has
a longer duration of action that allows for
frequent dosing.
TINIDAZOLE (TINDAMAX)
163
contraindicated in clients with blood dyscrasias or active organic disease of the CNS and during the 1st month of pregnancy
Antiprotozoal therapy
164
Contraindicated in alcoholics; the medication
is not administered until more than 24 hours
after the clients last drink of alcohol
NON-MALARIAL DRUGS
165
Used cautiously in clients with peripheral
neuropathy or pre-existing liver disease and if
there is a history of bone marrow depression,
because drug may cause leukopenia
NON-MALARIAL DRUGS
166
- Safety and efficacy has not been established to children
- Obtain initial lab test including a CBC and thyroid and liver function studies
NON-MALARIAL DRUGS
167
Obtain a baseline V/S and evaluate other
drugs taken by the client for compatibility with
antiprotozoal drugs
NON-MALARIAL DRUGS
168
Clients taking this may
complain of dry mouth and metallic taste
metronidazole (flagyl)
169
Immediately report
1. seizures
2. numbness in limbs
3. nausea
4. vomiting
5. hives
6. itching.
NON-MALARIAL DRUGS
170
Are non-living agents that infect bacteria,plants, and animals
VIRUSES
171
Contain none of the cellular organelles necessary for self-survival that are present in living organisms
VIRUSES
172
- More difficult to eradicate than most type of bacteria
-enter healthy cells and use their DNA & RNA to generate more
VIRUSES
173
Are class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections rather than bacterial ones
ANTI-VIRAL DRUGS
174
Most antiviral are used for specific viral infections
ANTI-VIRAL DRUGS
175
Antiviral drugs do not destroy their target pathogen, instead they inhibit their development.
ANTI-VIRAL DRUGS
176
effective against a wide range of viruses
BROAD SPECTRUM ANTIVIRAL
177
Designed to help deal with
1. HIV
2. herpes viruses
3. heap B and C
4. influenza A and B
THERAPEUTIC USE: ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
178
1. Acyclovir (Zovirax)
2. Ganciclovir (Cytovene)
3. Vidarabine (Vira-A)
4. Amantidine (Symmetrel)
5. Ribavirin (Virazole)
6. Zidovidine (Retrovir)
PROTOTYPE
179
Inhibits virus specific enzymes involve in DNA synthesis. They control the growth of virus, but it does not cure.
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
180
1. Granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia
2. Nausea, nervousness, headache
3. Nephrotoxicity
ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
181
introduced as an antineoplastic drug and then later was found to be effective against herpes virus especially to herpes zoster (Shingles)
ACYCLOVIR
182
interferes with the viral synthesis of DNA, thereby short-circuiting its replication.
ACYCLOVIR
183
Use to treat acute uncomplicated influenza
OSELTAMIVIR PHOSPHATE (TAMIFLU)
184
Use to treat acute uncomplicated influenza
OSELTAMIVIR PHOSPHATE (TAMIFLU)
185
Treatment for herpes labialis
PENCICLOVIR (DENAVIR)
186
- Pregnant and breastfeeding precautions
- Administer IV antivirals to avoid crystallization in renal tubules
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
187
Give_________only with aerosol generator
Ribavirin (ANTIVIRAL DRUGS)
188
- Monitor CBC and Creatinine level
- Refer for signs of bleeding
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
189
Take this after meals
amantadine (ANTIVIRAL DRUGS)
190
● Reverse transcriptase inhibitor
● Protease inhibitors
ANTIVIRAL HIV DRUGS
191
1. Didanosine (Videx)
2. Zalcitabine (Hivid)
3. Zidovudine (Retrovir)
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS
192
1. Indinavir (Crixivan)
2. Ritonavir (Norvir)
PROTEASE INHIBITOR
193
Consists of various species of parasitic
worms which have more complex anatomy,
physiology, and life cycles than the
protozoans
HELMINTHS
194
The most common site for helminthiasis
(worm infestation) is in the intestine
HELMINTHS
195
Other sites for parasitic infestation are the
1. lymphatic system
2. blood vessels
3. liver
HELMINTHS
196
most common helminth disease in the world.
ASCARIASIS
197
1. Cestodes (tapeworms)
2. Trematodes (Flukes)
3. Intestinal Nematodes (Round Worm)
4. Tissue invading nematodes (tissue round worms and filariae)
GROUP OF HELMINTHS
198
o Are medicines that rid the body of parasiticworms
o Available with physician’s prescription
ANTI-HELMINTHIC DRUGS
199
1. Mebendezole (Vermox)
2. thiambendazole
3. Niclosamide (Niclocide)
4. Piperazine (Antepar)
5. Praziquantel (Biltricide)
ANTI-HELMINTHIC DRUGS PROTOTYPE
200
Anti-helminthic drug that is effective against flukes
ACTAMER
201
Paralyze larva and adult helminths by acting on parasite microtubules
ANTI-HELMINTHIC DRUGS MECHANISM OF ACTION
202
● GI Distress
1. anorexia
2. vomiting
3. nausea,
4. occasionally diarrhea and
5. stomach cramps
6. urinary odor (thiabendazole)
● Neurologic Problems
1. dizziness
2. weakness
3. headache
4. drowsiness
5. fatigue
ANTI-HELMINTHIC DRUGS ADVERSE REAX
