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PHARMACOLOGY (MIDTERM) > T2: ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS > Flashcards

T2: ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS Flashcards

1
Q

Is a general term for any medication that is effective against pathogens

A

ANTI- INFECTIVE

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2
Q

Although antibiotic is more frequently used, these term refers only to natural substances produced by microorganism that can kill other microorganism

A

ANTI-INFECTIVE

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3
Q

Medications that accomplish this goal by killing the bacteria.

A

BACTERIOCIDAL/BACTERICIAL

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4
Q

This drug will not kill the bacteria but instead slow their growth, depending on the body’s natural defense to dispose microorganism.

A

BACTERIOSTATIC

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5
Q

Microorganism have the ability to replicate extremely rapidly

A

MUTATION OR ERRORS IN GENETIC CODE

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6
Q

Occur spontaneously and randomly throughout the bacterial chromosomes

A

MUTATION OR ERRORS IN GENETIC CODE

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7
Q

Clients develop an infection that is resistant to conventional drug therapy.

A

ACQUIRED RESISTANCE

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8
Q

Are effective against many different species of pathogens

A

BROAD SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTIC

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9
Q

Effective against only one or a restricted group of microorganism

A

NARROW SPECTRUM ANTIBIOTIC

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10
Q

Process of growing the pathogen and identifying the most effective antibiotic.

A

CULTURE AND SENSITIVITY TEST

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11
Q

Appearance of secondary infection

A

SUPERINFECTION

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12
Q

Occur when microorganisms normally present in the body are destroyed

A

SUPERINFECTION

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13
Q

Normal microorganism, inhabit the skin, upper respiratory, genitourinary, and intestinal tract.

A

HOST FLORA

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14
Q

to kill enough bacteria, or to slow the growth of the infection, so that natural body defenses can overcome the invading agent

A

PRIMARY GOAL OF ANTIBIOTIC

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15
Q

caused by the acid-fast bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis or tubercle bacillus

A

TUBERCULOSIS

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16
Q

killing one person than any other infectious disease, including acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) –immune disorder characterized by opportunistic diseases

A

TUBERCULOSIS

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17
Q

Slow growing mycobacterium usuallybecome dormant, existing inside cavities.

A

TUBERCLES

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18
Q

Agents that treat tuberculosis

A

ANTI-TUBERCULAR DRUGS

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19
Q

first drug used to treat TB, and is given parenteral antibiotic

A

STREPTOMYCIN

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20
Q

first oral drug preparation effective against the tubercle bacillus and was
discovered in 1952

A

ISONIAZID (INH

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21
Q

was discovered in 1952

A

ISONIAZID (INH)

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22
Q

bacterial drug that inhibits tubercle cell wall synthesis and blocks pyridoxine (Vit. B6), which is used for intracellular enzyme production.

A

ISONIAZID (INH)

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23
Q

have a cell wall that is resistant to penetration by antibiotic

A

Mycobacteria

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24
Q

durgh therapy for this differs from that of most otherinfections

A

TUBERCULOSIS

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25
Q

medications reach the isolated microorganism in the tubercles at

A

6 to 12 months OF DURG THERAPY

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26
Q

is needed when the clients develop multidrug resistant

A

24 months of drug therapy

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27
Q

different combinations of drugs may be used. At least 2 and sometimes 4 or more antibiotics are administered concurrently.

A

6 to 24 months of drug therapy

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28
Q
  1. FIRST LINE DRUGS
  2. SECOND LINE DRUGS
A

TWO BROAD CATEGORIES OF ANTITUBERCULAR DRUGS

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29
Q

Are safer and generally the most effective

A

FIRST LINE DRUGS of Anti-tubercular Drugs

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30
Q
  1. Ethambutol (Myanbutol)
  2. Isoniazid (INH)
  3. Pyrazinamide (PZA)
  4. Rifampin (Rifadin, Rimactane)
  5. Rifapentine (Priftine)
  6. Streptomycin

Rifater: Combination of PZA with INH and rifampin

A

FIRST LINE DRUGS of Anti-tubercular Drugs

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31
Q

Combination of PZA with INH andrifampin

A

Rifater

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32
Q
  • More toxic and less effective than firstline drugs
  • Used when resistance develops
A

SECOND LINE DRUGS of Anti-tubercular Drugs

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33
Q
  1. Amikacin (Amikin)
  2. Capreomycin (Capastat sulfacte)
  3. Ciproflaxin (Cipro)
  4. Cyclosporine (Seromycin)
  5. Ethionamide (Trecator-SC)
  6. Kanamycin (Kantrex)
A

SECOND LINE DRUGS of Anti-tubercular Drugs

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34
Q

Is approved for tuberculosis prophylaxis in HIV positive patients for a short-term therapy of 2 months

A

COMBINATION OF INH and PZA

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35
Q

Recommended to HIV positive patient withpositive TB skin test as prophylactic for 2 months

A

RIFAMPIN AND PZA

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36
Q
  • primary anti-tubercular drug used and may cause isoniazid-induced liver damage
A

ISONIAZID

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37
Q

Must be taken with Pyridoxine (Vit B6) to avoid deficiency and peripheral neuropathy

A

ISONIAZID

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38
Q

1) MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE
2) MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX

A

TWO TYPES OF MYCOBACTERIA THAT INFECTS HUMANS

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39
Q

o Responsible for leprosy
o Treated with multiple drugs, usually beginning with Rifampin

A

MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE

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40
Q

o Causes infection of the lungs, most
commonly observed in AIDS

A

MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM COMPLEX

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41
Q
  1. AZITHROMYCIN (ZITHROMAX)
  2. CLARITHROMYCIN (BIAXIN)
A

Effective drugs against MAC

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42
Q
  1. Isoniazid and Rifampin
  2. Isoniazid, Rifampin, and Ethambutol
  3. Isoniazid, Rifampin, and Pyrazinamide
A

MULTI DRUGS THERAPY

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43
Q
  • well absorbed in the GI tract
  • Administered IM
  • Has low protein binding rate (10%)
A

ISONIAZID (INH)

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44
Q
  • Has low protein binding rate (10%)
  • metabolized in the liver and 75% of the drug is excreted in the urine
A

ISONIAZID (INH)

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45
Q

Inhibits cell wall synthesis of the tubercle bacillus

A

ISONIAZID (INH)

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46
Q

an adverse reaction to isoniazid, so ___________ is usually taken to decrease probability of neuropathy

A

Peripheral neuropathy; Pyridoxine (Vit B6)

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47
Q

Should not be taken with alcohol will increase incidence of peripheral neuropathy

A

ISONIAZID (INH)

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48
Q

decreases isoniazid absorption

A

Antacids

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49
Q

If this is taken with isoniazid, the effect of this will decrease

A

phenytoin

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50
Q

when you are taking anti TB drugs, Do not drink alcohol to prevent

A

peripheral neuropathy.

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51
Q
  1. hepatotoxicity,
  2. Px may develop headache
  3. blood dyscrasias
  4. paresthesia
  5. GI distress
  6. ocular toxicity
A

INH, Rifampin, Streptomycin

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52
Q

turns body fluids orange

A

Rifampin SIDE EFFECT

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53
Q

may develop
1. dizziness,
2. confusion
3. hallucination
4. joint pains

A

Ethambutol SIDE EFFECTS

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54
Q
  1. ototoxicity
  2. optic nerve toxicity
  3. encephalopathy
  4. angioedema
  5. CNS and respiratory depression
  6. nephrotoxicity
  7. ototoxicity
A

Streptomycin

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55
Q

For Anti-tubercular Drugs, Assess for the presence of or history of a positive

A
  1. tuberculin skin test
  2. sputum
  3. culture, or a close contact to a person recently infected with TB
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56
Q

For Anti-tubercular Drugs, Assess for the presence of or history of

A
  1. alcohol abuse
  2. AIDS
  3. liver disease
  4. kidney disease because many antituberculosis drugs are contraindicated in those conditions
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57
Q

Use caution in clients with
1. renal dysfunction
2. pregnancy and lactation
3. w/ hx of convulsive disorder
4. chronic liver disease or alcoholism

A

Anti-tubercular drugs

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58
Q

contraindicated in clients with optic neuritis

A

Ethambutol (Myambutol)

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59
Q

interact with oral contraceptives and decrease their effectiveness, female clients with childbearing potential should use an alternative form of birth control

A

Antituberculotic drugs

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60
Q

if taking Antituberculotic drugs, report

A
  1. yellow eyes and skin,
  2. loss of appetite
  3. dark urine
  4. unusual tiredness
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61
Q

If taking isoniazid, avoid foods containing

A

tyramine

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62
Q
  1. age cheese
  2. smoked and pickled fish
  3. beer
  4. red wine
  5. bananas
  6. chocolate
A

EX of tyramine

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63
Q

Single-celled or multicellular organisms whose primary role on the planet is to serve as decomposers of dead plants and animals, returning their elements to the soil for recycling.

A

FUNGI

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64
Q
  • mushrooms, yeast, and molds
  • Also known as Dermatophytes
A

FUNGI

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65
Q

Cause superficial fungal infections involving the integumentary system, including the mucous membranes, hair, nails, and moist skin areas, and the respiratory tract.

A

FUNGI

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66
Q

Serve as a route for invasive fungi to enter the body and infect internal organ.

A

LUNGS

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67
Q

1) OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION
2) NON-OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION

A

CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGAL INFECTION

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68
Q

Usually occur in the immunocompromised or debilitated population (patient who have cancer or AIDS) or those taking antibiotic, corticosteroid, chemotherapy, or other immunosuppressives.

A

OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION

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69
Q

part of the normal flora of the mouth, skin, intestines, and vagina.

A

CANDIDA

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70
Q
  1. Aspergillosis
  2. Cryptococcosis
  3. Mucor mycosis
A

EX OF OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION

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71
Q
  1. Sporotrichosis
  2. Blastomycosis,
  3. Histoplasmosis
  4. Coccidioidomycosis

can occur in any individual.

A

EX of NON-OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION

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72
Q

fungal disease

A

MYCOSES

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73
Q

Affect the scalp, skin, nails, and mucous membranes such as oral cavity and vagina

A

SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES

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74
Q

Mycoses in this type are often treated with topical drugs because the incidence of side effect is much lower using this route of administration

A

SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES

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75
Q

Superficial fungal infections are sometimes called

A

Dermatophytic

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76
Q

Are those affecting internal organs, typically the lungs, brain, and digestive organs

A

SYSTEMIC MYCOSES

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77
Q

affects multiple body system and are sometimes fatal to client with suppressed immune system

A

SYSTEMIC MYCOSES

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78
Q

require aggressive oral and parenteral medications that produce more adverse effects than the topical agents

A

SYSTEMIC MYCOSES

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79
Q

o Are used to treat fungal infections
o They are fungistatic or fungicidal depending upon the susceptibility of the fungus and the dosage.

A

ANTI-FUNGAL DRUGS/ANTIMYCOTIC

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80
Q

.
1. Polyenes (Amphoteracin B and nystatin)
2. Azoles (Ketoconazole)
3. Antimetabolites (Flucystosine)
4. Echinocandins (Caspofungin)
5. Antiprotozoals (Atovaquone)
6. Amphotericin B (Fungizone, Abelcet, Amphotec)
7. Anidulafugin (Eraxis)
8. Caspufungin Acetate (Cancidas)
9. Flucytosine (5-fluorocytosine, Ancobon)
10. Micafungin (Mycamine)

A

ANTI-FUNGAL DRUGS

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81
Q

Drug of choice for systemic fungal infections and currently with close supervision because it can cause number of serious side effects

A

AMPHOTERICIN B (FUNGIZONE)

82
Q

is effective against numerous fungal diseases, including the:

  1. histoplasmosis
  2. cryptococcosis
  3. aspergillosis
  4. blastomycosis
  5. candidiasis (systemic infection.)
A

AMPHOTERICIN B (FUNGIZONE)

83
Q

Drug of choice for the treatment of less systemic infections

A

INTRACONAZOLE

84
Q

Sometimes combined with Amphotericin B in the pharmacotherapy of severe candidiasis

A

FLUCYTOSINE (ANCOBON)

85
Q

Can cause immunosuppression and liver toxicity and resistance has become a major problem

A

FLUCYTOSINE (ANCOBON)

86
Q

● Highly protein bound and has a long haft life
● 5% of the drug is excreted in the urine

A

PHARMACOKINETICS OF AMPHOTERICIN B

87
Q

● not absorbed from the GT tract
● Administered IV in low doses in treating systemic fungal infection

A

PHARMACODYNAMICS OF AMPHOTERICIN B

88
Q

Peak effect OF AMPHOTERICIN B occurs ; duration is

A

1 to 2 hours after IV infusion; 20 hours

89
Q

● Flush
● Fever
● Chills
● Nausea
● Vomiting
● Hypertension, paresthesia, thrombophlebitis
● Nephrotoxicity
● Electrolyte imbalance
- hypokalemia
- hypomagnesemia

A

SIDE EFFECTS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS OF AMPHOTERICIN B

90
Q

ANTI-FUNGAL is Used continuously in those with

A
  1. renal impairment or severe bone marrow suppression
  2. pregnancy
91
Q

1 oliguria
2. changes intake/ output ratios
3. hematuria
4. abnormal renal function tests.

A

immediately report for

92
Q

1 oliguria
2. changes intake/ output ratios
3. hematuria
4. abnormal renal function tests.

A

if taking ANTI-FUNGALs, immediately report for

93
Q
  1. ototoxicity
  2. assess for hearing loss
  3. vertigo
  4. Unsteady gait
  5. tinnitus
A

ANTI-FUNGALs ADVERSE REAX

94
Q

groups is effective against candidiasis (Superficial and systemic)

A

AZOLE

95
Q

consists of two different chemical classes, the imidazole and the triazoles

A

AZOLE

96
Q

interfere with the biosynthesis of ergosterol, which is essential for fungal cell membranes

A

AZOLE ANTI-FUNGAL DRUGS

97
Q

largest and most versatile group of anti-fungal

A

AZOLE CLASS

98
Q

Drugs in this class have broad spectrum and may be used to treat any fungal infection.

A

AZOLE CLASS

99
Q

First effective anti-fungal drug that was orally absorbed.

A

KETOCONAZOLE

100
Q
  1. FLUCONAZOLE (Diflucan)
  2. INTRACONAZOLE (Sporanox)
  3. KETOCONAZOLE (Nizoral),
  4. VORICONAZOLE (Vfend)
A

used for both systemic and topical infections

101
Q

Drug of choice for superficial fungal infections of the skin, vagina, and mouth.

A

CLOTRIMAZOLE (Mycelex)

102
Q
  1. Nausea and vomiting
  2. Anaphylaxis and rash
  3. Menstrual irregularities
  4. Gynecomastia in men and decline in testosterone level
  5. Decreased libido and temporary sterility in men
A

MOST COMMON ADVERSE EFFECT OF SYSTEMIC AZOLE

103
Q

Contraindicated to client with hypersensitivity to azole anti-fungal

A

AZOLE ANTI-FUNGAL

104
Q

Used with caution in clients with renal impairments

A

AZOLE ANTI-FUNGAL

105
Q

Obtain BUN, creatinine, and liver function test before therapy begins and throughout the course of treatment

A

AZOLE ANTI-FUNGAL

106
Q

Do not give this to clients with chronic alcoholism, because additive hepatoxicity may occur (AZOLE)

A

ketoconazole (Nizoral)

107
Q

Assess for GI side effects like nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, or diarrhea

A

AZOLE ANTI-FUNGAL

108
Q

Monitor for signs or hepatoxicity like
1. pruritus
2. jaundice
3. dark urine
4. skin rash

A

AZOLE ANTI-FUNGAL

109
Q

Report the use of any other prescription or OTC medications, herbal remedies, or dietary supplements

A

AZOLE DRUGS

110
Q
  • Avoid alcohol use
  • Monitor urine output and drink plenty of water
A

AZOLE DRUGS

111
Q

Practice reliable contraception and notify your healthcare provider if pregnancy is planned or suspected

A

AZOLE DRUGS

112
Q

Immediately report
1. increased GI distress
2. anorexia
3. weight loss
5. jaundice
6. yellow sclera
7. dark urine

A

AZOLE DRUGS

113
Q

If diabetic, increase the frequency of blood glucose monitoring and report hypoglycemia

A

AZOLE DRUGS

114
Q

Are generally not severe

A

SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES

115
Q
  1. Nystatin (Mycostatin, Nilstat, Nystex)
  2. Terbinafine (Lamisil)
  3. Tolnaflate (Aftate, Tinactin)
A

AGENTS FOR SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES

116
Q

Much safer than their systemic counterparts

A

SUPERFICIAL ANTI-FUNGAL DRUGS

117
Q

Administered orally or topically to treat candida infections

A

NYSTATIN (MYCOSTATIN)

118
Q

Available in
1. suspension
2. cream
3. ointment,
4. vagina tablet

A

NYSTATIN (MYCOSTATIN)

119
Q

Poorly absorb via GI tract however oral tablet form is to treat intestinal candidiasis

A

NYSTATIN (MYCOSTATIN)

120
Q

More common used is in oral suspension for candida infections in the mouth

A

NYSTATIN (MYCOSTATIN)

121
Q

an inexpensive, older agent given the oral route that is indicated for
1. mycoses of the skin
2. hair
3. nails
that have not responded to conventional topical preparations.

A

GRISEOFULVIN (FULCIVIN)

122
Q

Are oral preparations that have the advantage of accumulating in nail beds, allowing them to remain active many months after therapy is discontinued

A

ITRACONAZOLE (SPORANOX) AND TEBINAFINE (Lamisil)

123
Q

Are OTC drugs of choice for vulvovaginal candida infections

A

MICONAZOLE AND CLOTRIMAZOLE

124
Q

Frequently used to treat athlete’s foot and jock itch

A

TOLNAFLATE AND UNDECYCLENIC ACID

125
Q

IN SUPERFICIAL ANTI-FUNGAL DRUGS, Assess for signs of________, if this
is present, withhold the drug and notify the primary health care provider

A

CONTACT DERMATITIS

126
Q

Do not use superficial anti-fungal, such as_________ , intravaginally during
pregnancy to treat infection caused by Gardnerella vaginalis or trichomonas species

A

nystatin (myostatin)

127
Q
  • Use cautiously in clients who are lactating
  • The medications may be “swished or swallowed” when used to treat oral candidiasis
A

SUPERFICIAL ANTI-FUNGAL DRUGS

128
Q

when the client is taking high doses of this, monitor for side effects such as :
1. nausea & vomiting, and
2. diarrhea

A

SUPERFICIAL ANTI-FUNGAL DRUGS

129
Q

in SUPERFICIAL ANTI-FUNGAL DRUGS, monitor for signs of improvement in the __________ to evaluate the effectiveness of the medication

A

mouth and tongue

130
Q

Complete the full course of treatment: some infections require pharmacotherapy for several months

A

SUPERFICIAL ANTI-FUNGAL THERAPY

131
Q

If self-treating with OTC preparations, follow the direction carefully and notify the health care provider if symptoms do not resolve in ______

A

SUPERFICIAL ANTI-FUNGAL THERAPY; 7 to 10 days

132
Q

Abstain from sexual intercourse until treatment for vaginal infection has been completed

A

SUPERFICIAL ANTI-FUNGAL THERAPY

133
Q

Perform oral hygiene before using oral lozenges or swish-and-swallow formulations

A

SUPERFICIAL ANTI-FUNGAL THERAPY

134
Q

Are medicine or drugs used to treat infections or disease caused by protozoa

A

ANTI-PROTOZOAL DRUGS

135
Q

These drugs destroy protozoa or prevent their growth and ability to produce

A

ANTI-PROTOZOAL DRUGS

136
Q

Available in liquid, tablet, and injectable forms

A

ANTI-PROTOZOAL DRUGS

137
Q

Single-celled animals

A

PROTOZOA

138
Q

These parasites often thrive in condition where sanitation and personal hygiene are poor and population density is high

A

PROTOZOA

139
Q

infection often occurs in clients who are immunocompromised

A

PROTOZOA infection

140
Q

Used in the treatment of protozoan infections

A

ANTI-PROTOZOAL AGENTS

141
Q
  1. Malaria
  2. Amoebiasis
  3. sleeping sickness
  4. Toxoplasmosis
  5. trichomoniasis
  6. Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (PCP)
A

COMMON DISEASES CAUSED BY PROTOZOA

142
Q
  1. ANTI-MALARIAL DRUGS
  2. ANTI-AMEBIASIS
A

PROTOTYPE

143
Q
  1. Atovaquone and Proguanil (Malarone)
  2. Chloroquine hydrochloride (Aralen)
  3. Hydrochloroquinesulfate (Plaquenil)
  4. Mefloquine (Lariam)
  5. Primaquine Phosphate
  6. Pyrimethamine (Daraprim)
  7. Quinine (Quinam)
A

ANTI-MALARIAL DRUGS

144
Q
  1. Metronidazole (Flagyl)
  2. Flurozolidone (Furoxone)
  3. Lodoquinol
A

ANTI-AMEBIASIS DRUGS

145
Q

Alters protozoal DNA, depleting folates and reducing nucleic acid production

A

ANTI-MALARIAL

146
Q

Blocks protein synthesis

A

ANTI-AMOEBA

147
Q

contraindicated in clients with hematological disorders or severe skin disorders such as psoriasis or during pregnancy

A

Antimalarial drugs

148
Q

Used cautiously in clients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease and those who are lactating

A

Antimalarial drugs

149
Q

Initial lab works include a CBC, liver and renal function test and a test for G6PD deficiency.

A

Antimalarial drugs

150
Q

may precipitate anemia in clients with G6PD deficiency and may cause bone marrow depression

A

Chloroquine (Aralen)

151
Q

Obtain a baseline ECG because of potential
cardiac complications associated with
antimalarial drugs

A

Antimalarial drugs

152
Q

Obtain baseline V/S especially BT, BP, and
hearing and vision testing

A

Antimalarial drugs

153
Q

Monitor for GI side effects such as vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain; oral anti-malarial can be given with food to reduce GI upset

A

Antimalarial drugs

154
Q

Assess for signs of allergic reactions such as
1. flushing,
2. rashes,
3. edema
4. pruritus

A

Antimalarial drugs

155
Q

Monitor for signs of toxicity, which includes
1. tinnitus with quinine, and
2. severe cardiac complications and
3. CNS complications such as seizures and
4. blurred vision with chloroquine.

A

Antimalarial drugs

156
Q
  1. Change position slowly to avoid dizziness
  2. Practice reliable contraception and notify health care provider if pregnancy is planned or suspected
A

ANTI-MALARIAL DRUGS

157
Q

Immediately report
1. flushing
2. rashes
3. edema,
4. itching
5. tinnitus
6. blurred vision
7. seizures

A

ANTI-MALARIAL DRUGS

158
Q

most significant protozoal disease worldwide, infections caused by other protozoans affect significant numbers of people in endemic areas.
This includes:
● Amoebiasis, toxoplasmosis, giardiasis
● Cryptosporidos, trichomoniasis
● Trypanosomiasis, Leishmaniasis

A

PLASMODIUM

159
Q

Severe form of diarrhea, the primary symptoms is amebic dysentery.

A

AMEBIASIS

160
Q

Traditional drug of choice for non-malarial protozoal infections like Amoebiasis

A

METRONIDAZOLE (FLAGYL

161
Q
  • Approved by FDA for the treatment of trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and amoebiasis
A

TINIDAZOLE (TINDAMAX)

162
Q

This drug is similar to metronidazole but has
a longer duration of action that allows for
frequent dosing.

A

TINIDAZOLE (TINDAMAX)

163
Q

contraindicated in clients with blood dyscrasias or active organic disease of the CNS and during the 1st month of pregnancy

A

Antiprotozoal therapy

164
Q

Contraindicated in alcoholics; the medication
is not administered until more than 24 hours
after the clients last drink of alcohol

A

NON-MALARIAL DRUGS

165
Q

Used cautiously in clients with peripheral
neuropathy or pre-existing liver disease and if
there is a history of bone marrow depression,
because drug may cause leukopenia

A

NON-MALARIAL DRUGS

166
Q
  • Safety and efficacy has not been established to children
  • Obtain initial lab test including a CBC and thyroid and liver function studies
A

NON-MALARIAL DRUGS

167
Q

Obtain a baseline V/S and evaluate other
drugs taken by the client for compatibility with
antiprotozoal drugs

A

NON-MALARIAL DRUGS

168
Q

Clients taking this may
complain of dry mouth and metallic taste

A

metronidazole (flagyl)

169
Q

Immediately report
1. seizures
2. numbness in limbs
3. nausea
4. vomiting
5. hives
6. itching.

A

NON-MALARIAL DRUGS

170
Q

Are non-living agents that infect bacteria,plants, and animals

A

VIRUSES

171
Q

Contain none of the cellular organelles necessary for self-survival that are present in living organisms

A

VIRUSES

172
Q
  • More difficult to eradicate than most type of bacteria

-enter healthy cells and use their DNA & RNA to generate more

A

VIRUSES

173
Q

Are class of medication used specifically for treating viral infections rather than bacterial ones

A

ANTI-VIRAL DRUGS

174
Q

Most antiviral are used for specific viral infections

A

ANTI-VIRAL DRUGS

175
Q

Antiviral drugs do not destroy their target pathogen, instead they inhibit their development.

A

ANTI-VIRAL DRUGS

176
Q

effective against a wide range of viruses

A

BROAD SPECTRUM ANTIVIRAL

177
Q

Designed to help deal with
1. HIV
2. herpes viruses
3. heap B and C
4. influenza A and B

A

THERAPEUTIC USE: ANTIVIRAL DRUGS

178
Q
  1. Acyclovir (Zovirax)
  2. Ganciclovir (Cytovene)
  3. Vidarabine (Vira-A)
  4. Amantidine (Symmetrel)
  5. Ribavirin (Virazole)
  6. Zidovidine (Retrovir)
A

PROTOTYPE

179
Q

Inhibits virus specific enzymes involve in DNA synthesis. They control the growth of virus, but it does not cure.

A

ANTIVIRAL DRUGS

180
Q
  1. Granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia
  2. Nausea, nervousness, headache
  3. Nephrotoxicity
A

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ANTIVIRAL DRUGS

181
Q

introduced as an antineoplastic drug and then later was found to be effective against herpes virus especially to herpes zoster (Shingles)

A

ACYCLOVIR

182
Q

interferes with the viral synthesis of DNA, thereby short-circuiting its replication.

A

ACYCLOVIR

183
Q

Use to treat acute uncomplicated influenza

A

OSELTAMIVIR PHOSPHATE (TAMIFLU)

184
Q

Use to treat acute uncomplicated influenza

A

OSELTAMIVIR PHOSPHATE (TAMIFLU)

185
Q

Treatment for herpes labialis

A

PENCICLOVIR (DENAVIR)

186
Q
  • Pregnant and breastfeeding precautions
  • Administer IV antivirals to avoid crystallization in renal tubules
A

ANTIVIRAL DRUGS

187
Q

Give_________only with aerosol generator

A

Ribavirin (ANTIVIRAL DRUGS)

188
Q
  • Monitor CBC and Creatinine level
  • Refer for signs of bleeding
A

ANTIVIRAL DRUGS

189
Q

Take this after meals

A

amantadine (ANTIVIRAL DRUGS)

190
Q

● Reverse transcriptase inhibitor
● Protease inhibitors

A

ANTIVIRAL HIV DRUGS

191
Q
  1. Didanosine (Videx)
  2. Zalcitabine (Hivid)
  3. Zidovudine (Retrovir)
A

REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS

192
Q
  1. Indinavir (Crixivan)
  2. Ritonavir (Norvir)
A

PROTEASE INHIBITOR

193
Q

Consists of various species of parasitic
worms which have more complex anatomy,
physiology, and life cycles than the
protozoans

A

HELMINTHS

194
Q

The most common site for helminthiasis
(worm infestation) is in the intestine

A

HELMINTHS

195
Q

Other sites for parasitic infestation are the
1. lymphatic system
2. blood vessels
3. liver

A

HELMINTHS

196
Q

most common helminth disease in the world.

A

ASCARIASIS

197
Q
  1. Cestodes (tapeworms)
  2. Trematodes (Flukes)
  3. Intestinal Nematodes (Round Worm)
  4. Tissue invading nematodes (tissue round worms and filariae)
A

GROUP OF HELMINTHS

198
Q

o Are medicines that rid the body of parasiticworms
o Available with physician’s prescription

A

ANTI-HELMINTHIC DRUGS

199
Q
  1. Mebendezole (Vermox)
  2. thiambendazole
  3. Niclosamide (Niclocide)
  4. Piperazine (Antepar)
  5. Praziquantel (Biltricide)
A

ANTI-HELMINTHIC DRUGS PROTOTYPE

200
Q

Anti-helminthic drug that is effective against flukes

A

ACTAMER

201
Q

Paralyze larva and adult helminths by acting on parasite microtubules

A

ANTI-HELMINTHIC DRUGS MECHANISM OF ACTION

202
Q

● GI Distress
1. anorexia
2. vomiting
3. nausea,
4. occasionally diarrhea and
5. stomach cramps
6. urinary odor (thiabendazole)

● Neurologic Problems
1. dizziness
2. weakness
3. headache
4. drowsiness
5. fatigue

A

ANTI-HELMINTHIC DRUGS ADVERSE REAX

PHARMACOLOGY (MIDTERM) (5 decks)

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