T1: Growth and Development: Infancy Flashcards
chronological age
age in years
developmental age
age based on functional behavior and ability to adapt to the environment
Infant age range
birth to 12 months
toddler age range
1-3 years
preschool age range
3-6 years
school-age range
6-12 years
adolescence age range
12-18 years
Cephalocaudal
head to toe
Proximodistal
From the center outward or from the midline to periphery (near to far)
differentiation
Simple to complex progression of achievement of developmental milestones
what has the greatest influence on a child’s G&D
genetic factors (heredity)
sensorimotor stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
When is object permanence developed?
sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)
object permanence
The child knows that an object exists even when it cannot be seen or heard. (peekaboo)
preoperational stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
what are the two portions of the preoperational stage
preconceptual (2 to 4 ) and intuitive phase (3 to 7)
egocentrism
in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view
when teaching a child in the preoperational stage, what must be taken into account
the child’s vivid fantasies and underdeveloped sense of time
concrete operational stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
when teaching a child in the concrete operational stage, what should be considered
give the opportunity to ask questions and explain things back to you. This allows the child to mentally manipulate information
formal operational stage
in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (11 years to death) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
when teaching a child in the formal operational stage, what should be considered
for the adolescent may be wide ranging because they are able to consider many possibilities from several perspectives. Can teach consequences, especially those related to the patient’s behavior.
Trust vs. Mistrust
(birth to 1 year)
Task of first year of life to establish trust in people providing care, Mistrust develops if basic needs are inconsistently or inadequately met
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
(1-3 years)
-starts developing autonomy and new physical skills
-symbolizes independence by controlling body fluids and saying no when asked to do something
what reflects that the Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt phase was successful
toddler develops self-confidence and willpower; if criticized or unsuccessful, develop a sense of shame and doubt about their abilities
Initiative vs. Guilt
( 3 to 6 years)
-can carry out a plan of action
-Develops a conscience (learns right from wrong)
what reflects that the Initiative vs. Guilt phase was successful
preschooler develops direction and purpose; if criticized, leads to feelings of guilt and a lack of purpose
Industry vs. Inferiority
(6 to 12 years)
-Displays development of new interests and involvement in activities
-Learns to follow rules
-Acquires reading, writing, math, and social skills
what reflects that the Industry vs. Inferiority phase was successful
school aged child develops confidence and enjoys learning about new things; if compared to others, may develop feeling of inadequacy; inferiority may develop if too much is expected
Identity vs. Role Confusion
(12 to 18 years)
-Rapid and marked physical changes
-Preoccupation with physical appearance
-Examines and redefines self, family, peer groups, and community
-Experiments with different roles
-Peer group very important
what reflects that the Identity vs. Role Confusion phase was successful
adolescent develops confidence in self-identity and optimism; if unable to establish meaningful definition of self, develops role confusion
when is formal developmental screening done
at 9 months, 18 months, and 24 - 30 months
what test is used to assess development
Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST-II)
Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST-II)
used to assess development in children from birth to 6 years of age. Designed to detect developmental delay in the 125 tasks and determines the child’s developmental age
anticipatory guidance
educating parents and caregivers about what to expect in the next phase of development/developmental needs
infancy: weight
doubles birth weight by 6 months; triples birth weight in 1 year
infancy: height
increases 50% by 1 year
infancy: head growth
rapid; brain increases in weight 2.5 times by 1 year
Posterior fontanel closes at
2 to 3 months
Anterior fontanel closes at
12 to 18 months
what puts an infant at greater risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalance.
Infants kidneys are not as effective at concentrating urine because of the immaturity of the renal system and slower glomerular filtration rate
what increases the risk of middle ear infections in infants
the eustachian tube is short and relatively horizontal
infancy: CV system
heart rate gradually slows (but remains faster than an adult) and BP increases.
when should an infant be able to sit alone by
8 months
when should an infant be able to stand alone by
12 months
4 months gross motor skills
-gains head control
-rolls from back to side
5 months gross motor skills
rolls from abdomen to back
6 months gross motor skills
rolls from back to abdomen
8 month gross motor skills
sit alone without support
9 month gross motor skill
stand holding furniture
10 month gross motor skill
crawls with abdomen
11 month gross motor skill
creeps with abdomen off floor
when does the infant begin to “cruise”
(walking upright while holding furniture) by 10-12 months
when does the infant walk well with one hand held
12 months
hand is predominantly closed at
1 month
desired to grasp at
3 months
two handed, voluntary grasps at
5 months
holds bottle, grasp feet at
6 months
transfers from hand to hand by
7 months
pincer grasp established by
10 months
refined pincer grasp with thumb and finger by
12 months
Infancy: Sensory Development
-Hearing and touch well developed at birth
-Differentiates light and dark at birth
-Prefers human face; smiles at 2 months
-Usually searches and turns head to locate sounds by 2 months
sight is not fully developed until
6years
infant has taste preferences by
6 months
infant responds to own name at
7 months
infant can vocalize four words by
1 year
amblyopia may develop by
12 months
Social smile is present in most babies at
2 months
Infancy: nutrition
-Human breast milk is most complete and easily digested
-Iron-fortified formula - recommended for first 12 months
-Iron-fortified rice cereal introduced first (6 months) mixed with formula/breast milk
-Introduce fruits or vegetables at 6-8 months
breast feeding lasts til about
4-6 months
avoid introducing solid food until
4-6 months
how old do parents wait until introducing cows milk
is at least 1 year old
Due to the risk of allergies and intestinal problems
what are bedtime bottles contraindicated
contraindicated because of their high sugar content, which leads to dental decay in the primary teeth.
car seats
Rear facing in the middle back seat until 20 lbs and 1 year of age
OCribs
-No drop-down crib sides
-Distance between crib slats - no more than 2 3/8 inches apart
ways to prevent SIDs
-Put infant to sleep in supine position for first year
-Firm mattress and tight fit
-No soft or loose bedding
-No toys in the bed
-No smoking around infant
-Room temperature not too hot
Play in Infancy
solitary
-Hang mobile 8-10 inches from infant’s face
-Provide sensory and tactile stimuli, large toys, balls
Toys and Activities: Birth to 2 months
-Mobiles, black-and-white patterns, mirrors
-Music boxes, singing, tape players, soft voices
-Rocking and cuddling
-Moving legs and arms while listening to singing and talking
-Varying stimuli - different rooms sounds, visual images
Toys and Activities: 3 to 6 Months
Rattles
-Stuffed animals
-Soft toys with contrasting colors
-Noise-making objects that are easily grapsed
Toys and Activities: 6 to 9 months
-Teething toys
-Social interaction with adults and other children
Toys and Activities: 9 to 12 Months
-Large blocks
-Toys that pop apart and back together
-Nesting cups and other objects that fit into one another or stack
-Surprise toys such as jack-in-the-box
-Games such as peek-a-boo
-Push and pull toys
