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M102 rev > T1 Anatomy > Flashcards

T1 Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

When does bone development begin and end?

A

begins week 8

finishes at 20 years

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2
Q

Where is bone derived from?

A

the paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm

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3
Q

What are the two types of ossification?

A

Intramembranous

Endochondral

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4
Q

Where does Intramembranous Ossification begin?

A

in the foetal period where connective tissue is slowly replaced by bone

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5
Q

What happens during Intramembranous Ossification?

A

Direct mineralisation of connective tissue by mesenchyme

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6
Q

How does Intramembranous Ossification occur?

A

Cells divide and condense around capillary network from the primary ossification centre
Grows radially, finally fusing together replacing the connective tissue
Connective tissue that remains penetrated by blood cells and undifferentiated mesenchyme gives rise to bone marrow (hollow)

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7
Q

What are three examples of bones generated by Intramembranous Ossification?

A

skull
mandible
clavicle

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8
Q

In Endochondral Ossification what are the cartilaginous templates made from?

A

mesenchyme

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9
Q

When does Endochondral Ossification finish?

A

6 - 8 weeks

the whole set of cartilage models are made in the embryo

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10
Q

What happens to the cartilaginous templates once they have been made?

A

osteogenesis - the template is slowly replaced by bone
Different ossification centres emerge, a primary one in the diaphysis and secondary ones in the epiphysis
Initially a bone collar is produced and from here the primary centre develops

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11
Q

Where is the Growth Plate located?

A

between the diaphysis and the epiphysis

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12
Q

What happens at week 9 in developing bone?

A

the developing bone is penetrated by blood vessels

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13
Q

What is bone maintenance regulated by?

A 
calcium
phosphorous
vitamin A
vitamin C
vitamin D
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14
Q

What is the role of vitamin A?

A

essential for bone remodelling

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15
Q

What is the role of vitamin C?

A

essential for connective tissue

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16
Q

What is the role of vitamin D?

A

essential for calcium absorption

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17
Q

What is responsible for controlling bone development?

A

endocrine activity such as the parathyroid hormone, growth hormone

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18
Q

What is the earliest sign of subclinical vitamin D deficiency?

A

craniotabes

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19
Q

What is the role of osteoblasts?

A

to form the bone (b for building)

to synthesize the organic components

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20
Q

What are the organic components of the bone?

A

collagen
proteoglycans
glycoprotein

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21
Q

Where are osteoblasts located?

A

on the surface of bone
side by side
in a way that resembles simple squamous epithelium

22
Q

Where is parathyroid hormone secreted from?

A

from four parathyroid glands in the neck

23
Q

What is the function of parathyroid hormone?

A

to stimulate the release of calcium from large calcium stores in the bones into the bloodstream

24
Q

Which areas of the body does parathyroid hormone affect?

A

kidneys
bones
intestine

25
Q

What happens when calcium stores are released from the bones into the blood by parathyroid hormone?

A

increased bone destruction

decreased formation of new bone

26
Q

How does osteoblast maturation occur?

A

As bone is formed, some osteoblasts become trapped within the matrix
they become stuck
mature into osteocytes

27
Q

What is the role of osteoclasts?

A

to eat bone - reabsorb and recycle it

28
Q

What is compact bone covered by?

A

the periosteum

29
Q

What is the haversian canal in the centre made up of?

A

lamella

the vascular and nerve supply

30
Q

What are the outer layers of the ovum through which the sperm must penetrate?

A

the Corona radiate

the Zona pellucida

31
Q

What does the yolk sac contain?

A

nutrients that supply the embryo before the placenta functions

32
Q

Which cavity develops from within the epiblast at the beginning of week 2?

A

the amniotic cavity

33
Q

How does the amniotic cavity develop?

A

the inner cell mass of the epiblast differentiates into epiblast and hypoblast
within the epiblast, the amniotic cavity develops
the epiblasts that line the cavity become amnioblasts

34
Q

Which two layers form the bilaminar embryonic disc?

A

epiblast

hypoblast

35
Q

Why does apposition occur?

A

to ensure that the embryo is still in contact

36
Q

What happens during apposition?

A

moves itself around and works itself out until the embryonic pole is in contact with the uterine wall

37
Q

What is the function of HCG?

A

helps to maintain the uterus in its state

helps to maintain the placenta

38
Q

In which weeks does folding occur?

A

By week 4

the flat disc has to fold into 2 directions

39
Q

What is the epicardium made of?

A

loose connective tissue

a high percentage of fat cells

40
Q

What is the function of the Tunica intima?

A

it reduces friction for blood flow

41
Q

What is the function of the Tunica media?

A

controls the size and shape of the artery

42
Q

What is the function of the Tunica externa?

A

connects arteries to the surrounding structures

43
Q

What is the function of the Large Elastic Arteries?

A

accommodates surges in blood

44
Q

Which factors aid the return of blood to the heart against gravity?

A

Valves
Arteriovenous pump
Musculovenous pump
Respiratory pump

45
Q

What are the speeds for myelinated nerve fibres compared to those for unmyelinated fibres?

A

myelinated - up to 120m/s

unmyelinated - less than 1.5m/s

46
Q

What is the difference between directions for afferent and efferent axons?

A

afferent - towards the CNS

efferent - away from the CNS

47
Q

What are the functions of Astrocytes?

A

they provide structural support to the NS
in embryos, form scaffolding for migrating neurons to move up and down during development
supply nutrients to neurons
help to maintain ionic environment
they uptake NTs
help to repair the NS by forming glial scars
contribute to the blood brain barrier

48
Q

Which nutrients do astrocytes supply to neurons and why?

A

glucose
lactate
important for memory storage

49
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

to produces myelin for multiple axons

50
Q

What is the main type of neuroglia in the Peripheral NS?

A

Schwann cells

M102 rev (4 decks)

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