Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Adult Health I > T1: Acute Coronary Syndrome (1) > Flashcards

T1: Acute Coronary Syndrome (1) Flashcards

1
Q

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) includes symptoms that occur due to an imbalance of ____ ____ demand and supply.

A

myocardial oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What 2 things cause angina?

A
  • blockage

- spasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List 3 types of angina:

A

stable angina
unstable angina
variant angina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What occurs when heart muscle tissue is irreversibly damaged?

A

myocardial infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD:

A
  • age
  • gender
  • race
  • family history
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Modifiable risk factors for CAD:

A
  • SMOKING!!! (#1 risk factor)
  • obesity (#2 risk factor)
  • elevated serum lipids
  • HTN
  • impaired glucose tolerance
  • high fat diet
  • physical inactivity
  • oral contraceptives
  • cocaine use
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Additional risk factors for CAD:

A
  • CKD
  • DM
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Hyperhomocysteinemia
  • Vascular inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a normal homocysteine level?

A

5-15 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Vascular inflammation is indicated by what test? What is a normal level of that test?

A

C-Reactive Protein

normal:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T/F: Taking B vitamins may lower homocysteine levels in the blood.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T/F: Total cholesterol levels > 260 mg/dl gives a client 3 x greater risk for CAD.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Normal total cholesterol:

A

M & F:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Normal HDL:

A

Male: 35-65 mg/dL
Female: 35-80 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Normal LDL:

A

M & F:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Normal HDL to LDL ratio:

A

3:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Normal VLDL:

A

7-32 ng/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Normal triglycerides:

A

Male: 40-160 mg/dL
Female: 35-135 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Type of plaque with THICK fibrous cap:

A

stable plaque (atherothrombosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Type of plaque with large lipid-rich core and only a THIN fibrous cap. Vulnerable to rupture or erosion.

A

unstable plaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What can happen when an unstable plaque ruptures?

A

Aggregation of platelets can to a thrombotic occlusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Stable Angina:

Temporary imbalance between what 2 things?

A

cardiac muscle’s demand for O2 & coronary artery’s ability to supply O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Stable Angina:

Caused by what?

A

blockage of a coronary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stable Angina:

Predictable or unpredictable?

A

Predictable…often induced by exercise and relieved by rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Stable Angina:

Relieved by how many NTG tablets?

25
Stable Angina: | Result of fixed lesions of ____ or more of artery.
75%
26
Unstable Angina: | Indication of atherosclerotic plaque ____ and possible ____ formation.
instability | thrombus
27
Unstable Angina: | A change in the pattern of ____.
pain
28
Unstable Angina: | More or less intense than stable?
more intense...may wake up from the pain
29
Unstable Angina: | Relieved by how many NTG tablets?
more than 1
30
Unstable Angina: | Emergent or nonemergent?
Emergent!
31
Variant Angina: | AKA _____ angina
Prinzmetal's
32
Variant Angina: | What causes this?
SPASM of a coronary artery
33
Variant Angina: | Associated with what 3 risk factors?
- smoking - alcohol - cocaine
34
Variant Angina: | Can occur at ____ &/or be ____.
rest | cyclic
35
Variant Angina: | Does this always indicate CAD?
No
36
Variant Angina: | How is it diagnosed?
cardiac cath...meds are given to replicate the spasm in a controlled environment
37
What is silent ischemia?
OBJECTIVE data indicating ischemia w/o pain | 1/3 of pts don't have CP
38
What diagnosis is often associated with silent ischemia?
diabetes | autonomic neuropathy
39
What symptoms may women with angina experience?
- unusual fatigue - sleep disturbance - SOB - weakness - cold sweat - lightheadedness - nausea
40
T/F: Mortality rates are higher for men with CAD.
FALSE! Mortality rates are higher for women (38%) than men (25%).
41
What is the #1 killer of women?
Heart disease | kills more women than the next 7 causes combined!
42
African-American women with heart disease have a ____% greater risk for MI & death than white women.
50%
43
How long can cardiac cells withstand ischemia before necrosis?
20 min
44
What results from necrosis of myocardial tissue due to absence of coronary blood flow?
Myocardial infarction (MI) | "Time is muscle."
45
List 3 causes of MI?
1) plaque rupture 2) coronary thrombosis 3) coronary artery spasm longer than 20 min
46
What is the leading cause of death in the US?
MI
47
90% of MI cases are due to _____.
thrombosis
48
3 ways MI's are classified:
- ECG changes produced - DEPTH of the damage - LOCATION of the affected area
49
What are the "3 I's" of an MI?
Ischemia Injury Infarction
50
Ischemia is shown on ECG as:
``` (Remember: ischemia = T wave) - T wave inversion - tall, peaked T wave - ST depression (this is due to tissue repolarization) ```
51
Injury is shown on ECG as:
STEMI | due to decreased blood supply; returns to normal as injury heals
52
Infarction is shown on ECG as:
pathological Q wave | due to scar tissue that can't depolarize; usually remains on ECG for life
53
When you see a pathological Q wave, what should you find out? Why?
If the pt has had a previous MI | the Q wave changes could indicate either an acute or a past MI and look the same
54
2 classifications of MI:
- Non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI) | - ST elevation MI (STEMI)
55
STEMI or NSTEMI: Infarction not full thickness
NSTEMI
56
STEMI or NSTEMI: Less likely to have Q waves
NSTEMI
57
STEMI or NSTEMI: Aggressively treated
Both!
58
STEMI or NSTEMI: ST elevation allows for early identification
STEMI

Adult Health I (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions