Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Adult Health I > T1: Acute Coronary Syndrome (1) > Flashcards

T1: Acute Coronary Syndrome (1) Flashcards

1
Q

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) includes symptoms that occur due to an imbalance of ____ ____ demand and supply.

A

myocardial oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What 2 things cause angina?

A
  • blockage

- spasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

List 3 types of angina:

A

stable angina
unstable angina
variant angina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What occurs when heart muscle tissue is irreversibly damaged?

A

myocardial infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD:

A
  • age
  • gender
  • race
  • family history
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Modifiable risk factors for CAD:

A
  • SMOKING!!! (#1 risk factor)
  • obesity (#2 risk factor)
  • elevated serum lipids
  • HTN
  • impaired glucose tolerance
  • high fat diet
  • physical inactivity
  • oral contraceptives
  • cocaine use
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Additional risk factors for CAD:

A
  • CKD
  • DM
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Hyperhomocysteinemia
  • Vascular inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a normal homocysteine level?

A

5-15 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Vascular inflammation is indicated by what test? What is a normal level of that test?

A

C-Reactive Protein

normal:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T/F: Taking B vitamins may lower homocysteine levels in the blood.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

T/F: Total cholesterol levels > 260 mg/dl gives a client 3 x greater risk for CAD.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Normal total cholesterol:

A

M & F:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Normal HDL:

A

Male: 35-65 mg/dL
Female: 35-80 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Normal LDL:

A

M & F:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Normal HDL to LDL ratio:

A

3:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Normal VLDL:

A

7-32 ng/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Normal triglycerides:

A

Male: 40-160 mg/dL
Female: 35-135 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Type of plaque with THICK fibrous cap:

A

stable plaque (atherothrombosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Type of plaque with large lipid-rich core and only a THIN fibrous cap. Vulnerable to rupture or erosion.

A

unstable plaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What can happen when an unstable plaque ruptures?

A

Aggregation of platelets can to a thrombotic occlusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Stable Angina:

Temporary imbalance between what 2 things?

A

cardiac muscle’s demand for O2 & coronary artery’s ability to supply O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Stable Angina:

Caused by what?

A

blockage of a coronary artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stable Angina:

Predictable or unpredictable?

A

Predictable…often induced by exercise and relieved by rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Stable Angina:

Relieved by how many NTG tablets?

A

1 NTG tab

25
Q

Stable Angina:

Result of fixed lesions of ____ or more of artery.

A

75%

26
Q

Unstable Angina:

Indication of atherosclerotic plaque ____ and possible ____ formation.

A

instability

thrombus

27
Q

Unstable Angina:

A change in the pattern of ____.

A

pain

28
Q

Unstable Angina:

More or less intense than stable?

A

more intense…may wake up from the pain

29
Q

Unstable Angina:

Relieved by how many NTG tablets?

A

more than 1

30
Q

Unstable Angina:

Emergent or nonemergent?

A

Emergent!

31
Q

Variant Angina:

AKA _____ angina

A

Prinzmetal’s

32
Q

Variant Angina:

What causes this?

A

SPASM of a coronary artery

33
Q

Variant Angina:

Associated with what 3 risk factors?

A
  • smoking
  • alcohol
  • cocaine
34
Q

Variant Angina:

Can occur at ____ &/or be ____.

A

rest

cyclic

35
Q

Variant Angina:

Does this always indicate CAD?

A

No

36
Q

Variant Angina:

How is it diagnosed?

A

cardiac cath…meds are given to replicate the spasm in a controlled environment

37
Q

What is silent ischemia?

A

OBJECTIVE data indicating ischemia w/o pain

1/3 of pts don’t have CP

38
Q

What diagnosis is often associated with silent ischemia?

A

diabetes

autonomic neuropathy

39
Q

What symptoms may women with angina experience?

A
  • unusual fatigue
  • sleep disturbance
  • SOB
  • weakness
  • cold sweat
  • lightheadedness
  • nausea
40
Q

T/F: Mortality rates are higher for men with CAD.

A

FALSE! Mortality rates are higher for women (38%) than men (25%).

41
Q

What is the #1 killer of women?

A

Heart disease

kills more women than the next 7 causes combined!

42
Q

African-American women with heart disease have a ____% greater risk for MI & death than white women.

A

50%

43
Q

How long can cardiac cells withstand ischemia before necrosis?

A

20 min

44
Q

What results from necrosis of myocardial tissue due to absence of coronary blood flow?

A

Myocardial infarction (MI)

“Time is muscle.”

45
Q

List 3 causes of MI?

A

1) plaque rupture
2) coronary thrombosis
3) coronary artery spasm longer than 20 min

46
Q

What is the leading cause of death in the US?

A

MI

47
Q

90% of MI cases are due to _____.

A

thrombosis

48
Q

3 ways MI’s are classified:

A
  • ECG changes produced
  • DEPTH of the damage
  • LOCATION of the affected area
49
Q

What are the “3 I’s” of an MI?

A

Ischemia
Injury
Infarction

50
Q

Ischemia is shown on ECG as:

A 
(Remember: ischemia = T wave)
- T wave inversion
- tall, peaked T wave
- ST depression
(this is due to tissue repolarization)
51
Q

Injury is shown on ECG as:

A

STEMI

due to decreased blood supply; returns to normal as injury heals

52
Q

Infarction is shown on ECG as:

A

pathological Q wave

due to scar tissue that can’t depolarize; usually remains on ECG for life

53
Q

When you see a pathological Q wave, what should you find out? Why?

A

If the pt has had a previous MI

the Q wave changes could indicate either an acute or a past MI and look the same

54
Q

2 classifications of MI:

A
  • Non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI)

- ST elevation MI (STEMI)

55
Q

STEMI or NSTEMI: Infarction not full thickness

A

NSTEMI

56
Q

STEMI or NSTEMI: Less likely to have Q waves

A

NSTEMI

57
Q

STEMI or NSTEMI: Aggressively treated

A

Both!

58
Q

STEMI or NSTEMI: ST elevation allows for early identification

A

STEMI

Adult Health I (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions