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Human Physiology (BIOL 349 WWU) > T/F Questions > Flashcards

T/F Questions Flashcards

1
Q

Because hormones are released into the bloodstream, they will act on every cell in the body.

T or F

A

False

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2
Q

If a hormone acts to lower sodium level in the extracellular fluid compartment, blood volume will decrease.

T or F

A

True

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3
Q

The change in transmembrane electrical potential at the post-synaptic membrane is described as graded.

T or F

A

True

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4
Q

The chemical messages of the nervous system have longer lasting effects on target organs than do the chemical messages of the endocrine system.

T or F

A

False

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5
Q

The action of some hormones is to change the permeability of the cell membrane to certain substances, e.g. Na+ or glucose.

T or F

A

True

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6
Q

Some hormones cause target cells to make new proteins

T or F

A

True

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7
Q

Modified neurons in the adrenal glands release a hormone that prolongs “fight or flight”

T or F

A

True

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8
Q

All cells produce hormones

T or F

A

False

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9
Q

Cells of different excitable tissues (e.g. neuron vs. skeletal muscle) may have different threshold potentials, but all cells of the same tissue (e.g. myocardium) will have the same threshold.

T or F

A

True

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10
Q

The fibers that conduct action potentials toward a neuron cell body may be myelinated.

T or F

A

True

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11
Q

Voltage-gated ion channels are involved in exocytosis of neurotransmitter and hormone molecules.

T or F

A

True

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12
Q

A plasma membrane that is hyperpolarized is more positive than normal.

T or F?

A

False

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13
Q

One action of epinephrine is to raise blood sugar.

T or F

A

True

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14
Q

Endocrine glands secrete their products through a duct.

T or F

A

False

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15
Q

Gap junctions are normally only found in cardiac muscle tissue.

T or F

A

False

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16
Q

The pituitary gland controls all of the secretions from the hypothalamus.

T or F

A

True

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17
Q

Nociceptors are sensory receptors responsible for the sensation of “itch”.

T or F

A

True

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18
Q

A single neuron produces only one receptor type, and therefore responds to only one kind of neurotransmitter.

T or F

A

False

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19
Q

Sensory adaptation occurs at all sensory receptors.

T or F

A

False

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20
Q

The afferent neurons involved in spinal reflexes are myelinated.

T or F

A

True

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21
Q

The thalamus is the “relay station” only for somatosensory information on its way to the sensory cortex of the cerebrum.

T or F

A

True

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22
Q

There are hundreds (or thousands) of neurons in a single pathway carrying afferent information to the cerebral cortex.

T or F

A

False

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23
Q

When stimulated, all sensory receptors conduct electricity by opening mechanically-gated ion channels.

T or F

A

False

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24
Q

A cell may be specialized to serve as a sensory receptor.

T or F

A

True

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25
Q

Depolarization of a membrane that approaches but does not exceed the threshold of a neuron is called an action potential.

T or F

A

False

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26
Q

The Autonomic division of the nervous system has two subdivisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic.

T or F

A

True

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27
Q

Not all sensory receptors are connected to nervous pathways that send information for interpretation at the sensory cortex of the cerebrum.

T or F

A

True

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28
Q

Neurotransmitters received at a synapse commonly open Na+, K+, or Cl- channels.

T or F

A

True

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29
Q

Chemically-gated (aka ligand-gated) ion channels produce graded potentials at the synapse between a sensory receptor and a neuron.

T or F

A

True

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30
Q

Tissue fluid and blood plasma together fill most of the extracellular fluid compartment.

T or F?

A

True

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31
Q

The Na-K pump actively transports Na+ out of some cells, and in other cells pumps Na+ into cells.

T or F?

A

False

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32
Q

The function of boundary organs is to directly change the physical and chemical properties of the intracellular fluid compartment.

T or F?

A

False

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33
Q

Which of the following is true when comparing the movement of materials across selectively permeable barriers?

  • capillaries are generally more permeable to solutes than plasma membranes
  • plasma membranes are more permeable to water than capillary walls
  • capillary walls actively move more Na+ ions into the tissue fluid than plasma membranes
  • both capillary walls and plasma membranes allow diffusion of proteins
A

capillaries are generally more permeable to solutes than plasma membranes

34
Q

An ideal oral rehydration solution should be _________________ to the blood plasma.

  • hypotonic
  • hypertonic
  • equal in volume
  • higher in osmolarity
35
Q

Which of these electrolytes are most important to water balance in the ECF?

  • sodium and chloride
  • sodium and potassium
  • potassium and chloride
  • calcium and sodium
A

sodium and chloride

36
Q

Normal blood pressure with a dry mouth and skin tenting is evidence that water volume has been lost

  • from the ICF to replace lost ECF volume
  • from the interstitial fluid to replace lost blood volume
  • from the blood circulatory system to replace lost ICF
  • from the intestine
A

from the ICF to replace lost ECF volume

37
Q

Capillaries are directly involved in the distribution of solutes and water in the extracellular fluid compartment.

T or F

38
Q

The distinction between the apical border and the basolateral border of transport epithelial cells is primarily the presence or absence of microvilli.

T or F

39
Q

A substance that blocks the GM1 receptor in intestinal epithelial cells

  • would prevent the normal transport of Na+, Cl-, and H2O into the intestinal lumen
  • is acting as an agonist
  • will have the same effect as cholera toxin
  • closes the Cl- ion channel
A

would prevent the normal transport of Na+, Cl-, and H2O into the intestinal lumen

40
Q

The conscious brain (cerebral cortex) may influence an Autonomic reflex, but is physically not part of the reflex arc.

T or F?

41
Q

Voluntary control over skeletal muscles arises primarily from the post-central gyrus of the cerebral cortex.

T or F?

42
Q

Skeletal muscle cells receive dual innervation by the nervous system.

T or F?

43
Q

Skeletal muscles are described as voluntary even though they may be controlled involuntarily.

T or F?

44
Q

The threshold of a post-synaptic cell changes if the number of receptors for neurotransmitter changes.

T or F?

45
Q

The Parasympathetic division of the Autonomic nervous system always decreases function in the visceral effector it innervates.

T or F?

46
Q

The spinal cord commonly serves as the location of the integration center in Autonomic reflexes.

T or F?

47
Q

Digestive glands are stimulated to release enzymes and other exocrine secretions by parasympathetic reflexes.

T or F?

48
Q

Most of parasympathetic motor information leaves the medulla oblongata.

T or F?

49
Q

Cardiac output is decreased by a sympathetic reflex.

T or F?

50
Q

The adrenal medulla functions as a component of the Parasympathetic nervous system.

T or F?

51
Q

Transverse tubules within muscle cells store calcium in preparation for the arrival of a stimulus.

T or F

52
Q

Calcium ions in the sarcoplasm are directly responsible for triggering contraction in all three muscle tissue types.

T or F

53
Q

Both cardiac muscle and smooth muscle are influenced by the Enteric nervous system.

T or F

54
Q

All muscle tissue types spontaneously generate action potentials as part of their normal function.

T or F

55
Q

Skeletal muscle cells have receptors for both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters.

T or F

56
Q

All muscle tissue types develop from embryonic mesoderm

T or F

57
Q

The cells within both cardiac muscle tissue and visceral smooth muscle tissue are connected by gap junctions.

T or F

58
Q

Only skeletal muscle cells are controlled by reflexes

T or F

59
Q

Cardiac muscle cells will switch to anaerobic metabolism when cardiac output must be increased (e.g. while exercising).

T or F

60
Q

Only skeletal muscle cells have a “threshold” that must be reached in order to generate an action potential.

T or F

61
Q

All muscle tissue types contain myofilaments made of actin and myosin.

T or F

62
Q

Skeletal muscle cells are stimulated to generate an action potential when acetylcholine enters the cell.

T or F

63
Q

Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle cells can generate action potentials spontaneously, without nervous stimulation

T or F

64
Q

Cells of the SA node in the heart must display receptors for both nor-epinephrine and acetylcholine.

T or F

65
Q

The nerves that innervate the heart trigger the heart to contract

T or F

66
Q

Skeletal muscle cells within a fascicle are connected by gap junctions.

T or F

67
Q

Bundles of actin and myosin within a muscle cell are called fascicles.

T or F

68
Q

The receptor type for acetylcholine at the SA node of the heart is the same receptor type as found on the motor end plate of skeletal muscle cells.

T or F

69
Q

ATP is required to end the interaction between actin and myosin in muscle cells

T or F

70
Q

The rate of spontaneous action potentials generated by the AV node is slower than that of the SA node.

T or F

71
Q

Water moves between the blood plasma in capillaries and the tissue space by hydrostatic pressure and osmosis.

T or F

72
Q

Blood travelling in pulmonary veins is poor in oxygen.

T or F

73
Q

Papillary muscles are stimulated to contract in order to open the AV valves.

T or F

74
Q

The exchange of nutrients and wastes between the tissue cells and blood plasma takes place at arteries, arterioles and capillaries.

T or F

75
Q

Semilunar valves close when ventricles contract.

T or F

76
Q

For reflexes that regulate cardiac output, baroreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses.

T or F

77
Q

Contractile cells of the myocardium may spontaneously conduct action potentials (without stimulation by purkinge fibers).

T or F

78
Q

Water in the intercellular space was filtered from the blood plasma at capillaries.

T or F

79
Q

An increase in cardiac output will generally increase blood pressure.

T or F

80
Q

The SA and AV nodes receive dual innervation by the Autonomic NS.

T or F

Human Physiology (BIOL 349 WWU) (5 decks)

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