T/F Questions

Question 1

Because hormones are released into the bloodstream, they will act on every cell in the body.

T or F

Answer 1

False

Question 2

If a hormone acts to lower sodium level in the extracellular fluid compartment, blood volume will decrease.

T or F

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The change in transmembrane electrical potential at the post-synaptic membrane is described as graded.

T or F

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The chemical messages of the nervous system have longer lasting effects on target organs than do the chemical messages of the endocrine system.

T or F

Answer 4

False

Question 5

The action of some hormones is to change the permeability of the cell membrane to certain substances, e.g. Na+ or glucose.

T or F

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Some hormones cause target cells to make new proteins

T or F

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Modified neurons in the adrenal glands release a hormone that prolongs “fight or flight”

T or F

Answer 7

True

Question 8

All cells produce hormones

T or F

Answer 8

False

Question 9

Cells of different excitable tissues (e.g. neuron vs. skeletal muscle) may have different threshold potentials, but all cells of the same tissue (e.g. myocardium) will have the same threshold.

T or F

Answer 9

True

Question 10

The fibers that conduct action potentials toward a neuron cell body may be myelinated.

T or F

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Voltage-gated ion channels are involved in exocytosis of neurotransmitter and hormone molecules.

T or F

Answer 11

True

Question 12

A plasma membrane that is hyperpolarized is more positive than normal.

T or F?

Answer 12

False

Question 13

One action of epinephrine is to raise blood sugar.

T or F

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Endocrine glands secrete their products through a duct.

T or F

Answer 14

False

Question 15

Gap junctions are normally only found in cardiac muscle tissue.

T or F

Answer 15

False

Question 16

The pituitary gland controls all of the secretions from the hypothalamus.

T or F

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Nociceptors are sensory receptors responsible for the sensation of “itch”.

T or F

Answer 17

True

Question 18

A single neuron produces only one receptor type, and therefore responds to only one kind of neurotransmitter.

T or F

Answer 18

False

Question 19

Sensory adaptation occurs at all sensory receptors.

T or F

Answer 19

False

Question 20

The afferent neurons involved in spinal reflexes are myelinated.

T or F

Answer 20

True

Question 21

The thalamus is the “relay station” only for somatosensory information on its way to the sensory cortex of the cerebrum.

T or F

Answer 21

True

Question 22

There are hundreds (or thousands) of neurons in a single pathway carrying afferent information to the cerebral cortex.

T or F

Answer 22

False

Question 23

When stimulated, all sensory receptors conduct electricity by opening mechanically-gated ion channels.

T or F

Answer 23

False

Question 24

A cell may be specialized to serve as a sensory receptor.

T or F

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Depolarization of a membrane that approaches but does not exceed the threshold of a neuron is called an action potential. T or F

Answer 25

False

Question 26

The Autonomic division of the nervous system has two subdivisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic. T or F

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Not all sensory receptors are connected to nervous pathways that send information for interpretation at the sensory cortex of the cerebrum. T or F

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Neurotransmitters received at a synapse commonly open Na+, K+, or Cl- channels. T or F

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Chemically-gated (aka ligand-gated) ion channels produce graded potentials at the synapse between a sensory receptor and a neuron. T or F

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Tissue fluid and blood plasma together fill most of the extracellular fluid compartment. T or F?

Answer 30

True

Question 31

The Na-K pump actively transports Na+ out of some cells, and in other cells pumps Na+ into cells. T or F?

Answer 31

False

Question 32

The function of boundary organs is to directly change the physical and chemical properties of the intracellular fluid compartment. T or F?

Answer 32

False

Question 33

Which of the following is true when comparing the movement of materials across selectively permeable barriers? * capillaries are generally more permeable to solutes than plasma membranes * plasma membranes are more permeable to water than capillary walls * capillary walls actively move more Na+ ions into the tissue fluid than plasma membranes * both capillary walls and plasma membranes allow diffusion of proteins

Answer 33

capillaries are generally more permeable to solutes than plasma membranes

Question 34

An ideal oral rehydration solution should be _________________ to the blood plasma. * hypotonic * hypertonic * equal in volume * higher in osmolarity

Answer 34

hypotonic

Question 35

Which of these electrolytes are most important to water balance in the ECF? * sodium and chloride * sodium and potassium * potassium and chloride * calcium and sodium

Answer 35

sodium and chloride

Question 36

Normal blood pressure with a dry mouth and skin tenting is evidence that water volume has been lost * from the ICF to replace lost ECF volume * from the interstitial fluid to replace lost blood volume * from the blood circulatory system to replace lost ICF * from the intestine

Answer 36

from the ICF to replace lost ECF volume

Question 37

Capillaries are directly involved in the distribution of solutes and water in the extracellular fluid compartment. T or F

Answer 37

True

Question 38

The distinction between the apical border and the basolateral border of transport epithelial cells is **primarily** the presence or absence of microvilli. T or F

Answer 38

False

Question 39

A substance that blocks the GM1 receptor in intestinal epithelial cells * would prevent the normal transport of Na+, Cl-, and H2O into the intestinal lumen * is acting as an agonist * will have the same effect as cholera toxin * closes the Cl- ion channel

Answer 39

would prevent the normal transport of Na+, Cl-, and H2O into the intestinal lumen

Question 40

The conscious brain (cerebral cortex) may influence an Autonomic reflex, but is physically not part of the reflex arc. T or F?

Answer 40

True

Question 41

Voluntary control over skeletal muscles arises primarily from the post-central gyrus of the cerebral cortex. T or F?

Answer 41

False

Question 42

Skeletal muscle cells receive dual innervation by the nervous system. T or F?

Answer 42

False

Question 43

Skeletal muscles are described as voluntary even though they may be controlled involuntarily. T or F?

Answer 43

True

Question 44

The threshold of a post-synaptic cell changes if the number of receptors for neurotransmitter changes. T or F?

Answer 44

False

Question 45

The Parasympathetic division of the Autonomic nervous system always decreases function in the visceral effector it innervates. T or F?

Answer 45

False

Question 46

The spinal cord commonly serves as the location of the integration center in Autonomic reflexes. T or F?

Answer 46

True

Question 47

Digestive glands are stimulated to release enzymes and other exocrine secretions by parasympathetic reflexes. T or F?

Answer 47

True

Question 48

Most of parasympathetic motor information leaves the medulla oblongata. T or F?

Answer 48

True

Question 49

Cardiac output is decreased by a sympathetic reflex. T or F?

Answer 49

False

Question 50

The adrenal medulla functions as a component of the Parasympathetic nervous system. T or F?

Answer 50

False

Question 51

Transverse tubules within muscle cells store calcium in preparation for the arrival of a stimulus. T or F

Answer 51

False

Question 52

Calcium ions in the sarcoplasm are directly responsible for triggering contraction in all three muscle tissue types. T or F

Answer 52

True

Question 53

Both cardiac muscle and smooth muscle are influenced by the Enteric nervous system. T or F

Answer 53

False

Question 54

All muscle tissue types spontaneously generate action potentials as part of their normal function. T or F

Answer 54

False

Question 55

Skeletal muscle cells have receptors for both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. T or F

Answer 55

False

Question 56

All muscle tissue types develop from embryonic mesoderm T or F

Answer 56

True

Question 57

The cells within both cardiac muscle tissue and visceral smooth muscle tissue are connected by gap junctions. T or F

Answer 57

True

Question 58

Only skeletal muscle cells are controlled by reflexes T or F

Answer 58

False

Question 59

Cardiac muscle cells will switch to anaerobic metabolism when cardiac output must be increased (e.g. while exercising). T or F

Answer 59

False

Question 60

Only skeletal muscle cells have a "threshold" that must be reached in order to generate an action potential. T or F

Answer 60

False

Question 61

All muscle tissue types contain myofilaments made of actin and myosin. T or F

Answer 61

True

Question 62

Skeletal muscle cells are stimulated to generate an action potential when acetylcholine enters the cell. T or F

Answer 62

False

Question 63

Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle cells can generate action potentials spontaneously, without nervous stimulation T or F

Answer 63

True

Question 64

Cells of the SA node in the heart must display receptors for both nor-epinephrine and acetylcholine. T or F

Answer 64

True

Question 65

The nerves that innervate the heart trigger the heart to contract T or F

Answer 65

False

Question 66

Skeletal muscle cells within a fascicle are connected by gap junctions. T or F

Answer 66

False

Question 67

Bundles of actin and myosin within a muscle cell are called fascicles. T or F

Answer 67

False

Question 68

The receptor type for acetylcholine at the SA node of the heart is the same receptor type as found on the motor end plate of skeletal muscle cells. T or F

Answer 68

False

Question 69

ATP is required to end the interaction between actin and myosin in muscle cells T or F

Answer 69

True

Question 70

The rate of spontaneous action potentials generated by the AV node is slower than that of the SA node. T or F

Answer 70

True

Question 71

Water moves between the blood plasma in capillaries and the tissue space by hydrostatic pressure and osmosis. T or F

Answer 71

True

Question 72

Blood travelling in pulmonary veins is poor in oxygen. T or F

Answer 72

False

Question 73

Papillary muscles are stimulated to contract in order to open the AV valves. T or F

Answer 73

False

Question 74

The exchange of nutrients and wastes between the tissue cells and blood plasma takes place at arteries, arterioles and capillaries. T or F

Answer 74

False

Question 75

Semilunar valves close when ventricles contract. T or F

Answer 75

False

Question 76

For reflexes that regulate cardiac output, baroreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses. T or F

Answer 76

True

Question 77

Contractile cells of the myocardium may spontaneously conduct action potentials (without stimulation by purkinge fibers). T or F

Answer 77

True

Question 78

Water in the intercellular space was filtered from the blood plasma at capillaries. T or F

Answer 78

True

Question 79

An increase in cardiac output will generally increase blood pressure. T or F

Answer 79

True

Question 80

The SA and AV nodes receive dual innervation by the Autonomic NS. T or F

Answer 80

True