EXAM 1

Question 1

Define intercellular communication and provide some examples

Answer 1

communication between cells
   Hormones: long distance intercellular communication
   intercellular junctions
   paracrine/endocrine signaling
   nervous communication

Question 2

Paracrine vs Endocrine signaling

Answer 2

Paracrine: local intercellular communication
Endocrine: long distance cellular communication - messages transported around the whole body by the blood stream

Question 3

define autocrine signaling

Answer 3

acts on itself- form of self regulation

Question 4

define Energy transduction

Answer 4

converting one from of energy to another form of energy

Question 5

what are the 4 basic human tissue types?

Answer 5

muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective

Question 6

define Boundary organs systems

Answer 6

have an opening to the outside – in direct contact with the external environment.

Boundary organs manage the chemical and physical properties of the extracellular fluid compartment

Question 7

ECF vs ICF and what controls them?

Answer 7

Intracellular fluid (ICF): set of fluid found within cells
    Plasma membrane controls intracellular fluid compartment
Extracellular fluid(ECF): outside of cells (the internal environment)
    Blood circulatory system (non-boundary) mixes the ECF so everything is evenly distributed

Question 8

Define role of capillaries

Answer 8

Capillaries are the only blood vessels that are porous – they leak things like glucose, amino acids, potassium and other electrolytes. Proteins cannot pass through.
Made up of simple squamous epithelium

Question 9

explain the fluid mosaic

Answer 9

describes the chemical construction of a cell because membranes are deformable. They move. The only thing that holds them together is the interactions of the molecules. Phospholipid molecules can flip positions.

Question 10

what type of channels are sodium Ion Channels that are involved in conducting APs?

give an example of one of these ion channels

what opens this channel?

Answer 10

Voltage gated ion channels

ex: sarcolemma of a muscle cell

acetylcholine opens the voltage gated sodium channel

Question 11

what do muscles need to trigger interaction between actin and myosin?

Answer 11

Calcium

Question 12

what ion triggers exocytosis?

Answer 12

Calcium

Question 13

what type of message is prostaglandin?

Answer 13

paracrine message

*histamine also a paracrine message!

Question 14

define the sympathetic division of the ANS and its pathway (include receptors and neurotransmitters)

Answer 14

fight or flight
Ach released at synapse between first and second sensory neuron.
Ach binds to nicotinic receptor on postganglionic motor neuron
Nicotinic receptor releases NE
NE binds to adrenergic receptors at visceral effectors

Question 15

name and define the action of the 4 types of adrenergic receptors

Answer 15

Alpha-1 - in vascular smooth muscle tissue - peripheral vasoconstriction, increase in blood pressure
Alpha-2 - often located on the same neuron that released the NE - coronary artery dilation and increased oxygenation of the myocardium
Beta-1 - in heart and kidneys - increase HR, increase ventricle contractibility, increase cardiac output
Beta-2 - in lungs - airway dilation, increased ventilation

Question 16

define the parasympathetic division of the ANS and its pathway (include receptors and neurotransmitters)

Answer 16

rest and digest
Ach released at synapse between first and second sensory neuron.
Ach binds to nicotinic receptor on postganglionic motor neuron
Nicotinic receptor releases Ach
Ach binds to muscarinic cholinergic receptors

Question 17

Define the action of muscarinic receptors bound to Ach

Answer 17

bronchiole constriction, decreased heart rate