LAB QUIZ 2 Flashcards

1
Q

When does a muscle fiber twitch occur?

A

when the threshold stimulus (Ach) occurs at the motor end plate of a skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does a muscle fiber twitch cause?

A

causes an AP to be conducted in all directions along the sarcolemma (all or none response).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does a muscle fiber twitch result in?

A

a single contraction of each sarcomere to the greatest extent possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

T or F

The force of a whole muscle contraction is a graded response

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

T or F

All muscle fibers (motor units) are stimulated to contract at the same time

A

False - contractions of whole muscles vary in strength, so not all muscle fibers are stimulated to contract at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What things determine strength of a whole muscle contraction?

A

of motor units recruited
Tension (force) produced by each muscle cell
Extent of fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What factors contribute to tension?

A

treppe (thermal kinetic energy)
frequency of stimulation
initial fiber length
thickness of fiber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain twitch summation

A

If a muscle fiber is re-stimulated before it has completely relaxed, the second twitch is added to the first twitch, resulting in summation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain muscular fatigue

A

muscle no longer responds to stimulus possibly due to chemical changes within the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Explain neuromuscular fatigue

A

fatigue at the neuromuscular junction due to motor neurons being unable to make Ach fast enough to sustain a series of APs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain central fatigue

A

CNS no longer sends signals. Motor neurons don’t generate APs even if the muscles could still respond to stimulation. Often physiological (i.e. pain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain what causes the “lub dub” during the cardiac cycle

A

AV valve closes = Lub

Semilunar valve closes = Dub

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is systolic pressure

A

the maximum pressure exerted by the heart when the L ventricle contracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is diastolic pressure

A

the lowest pressure experienced by the arteries when the L ventricle relaxes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What influences blood pressure?

A

blood volume (hydrostatic pressure due mostly to plasma volume) and cardiac output (HRxSV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What causes blood flow?

A

the ratio of pulse pressure / peripheral resistance

17
Q

What is blood volume

A

the total volume of blood in the body

18
Q

What is stroke volume

A

the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle with each contraction

19
Q

What is pulse pressure

A

the pressure gradient necessary for blood flow

20
Q

How do you calculate pulse pressure?

A

PP = systolic - diastolic

21
Q

What is the Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?

A

the main driving force for blood flow through the systemic circuit

22
Q

How do you calculate MAP?

A

MAP = diastolic + (1/3) pulse pressure

23
Q

What intrinsic mechanisms regulate cardiac output and peripheral resistance?

A

Frank Starling Law of the Heart (strength of contraction proportional to muscle fiber stretch. More venous return = larger contraction/stroke vol)

SA node responds to stretch (increased AP frequency, increase HR)

Local control of vessel diameter (metabolic changes, myogenic stretch)

24
Q

What extrinsic mechanisms regulate cardiac output and peripheral resistance?

A

Sympathetic (NE) and Parasympathetic (Ach) influences on heart

NE + Epinephrin to prolong effects of sympathetic response on blood vessels

Endocrine influences on blood vol (ADH, Aldosterone, Natriuretic peptides)

25
name the 4 main components of external respiration
ventilation, gas exchange between alveolar air and pulmonary capillaries, transport, and gas exchange between capillaries and tissue cells
26
What are the muscles of inspiration
Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, external intercostals, interchondral part of internal intercostals, diaphragm
27
Is regular expiration passive or active?
Passive- results from passive elastic recoil of the lungs, rib cage, and diaphragm
28
What are the muscles of active exhaling?
internal intercostals (except interchondral part), abdominals
29
obstructive vs restrictive respiratory dysfunction
obstructive interferes with ventilation | restrictive interferes with gas exchange
30
What is tidal volume (TV)?
normal resting respiration volume
31
What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?
How much volume you can push out when you forcefully exhale (minus tidal vol)
32
What is Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)?
maximum air volume forcefully exhaled/inhaled (ERV+TC+IC)
33
What is Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?
How much volume you can forcefully inspire
34
What is Inspiratory capacity (IC)?
(IRV+TV) volume that can be inspired including tidal volume
35
What is Residual Volume (RV)?
volume of air left in the lungs after a full exhale
36
What is Anatomic Dead Air space
Air that can’t be diffused because it doesn’t reach the alveoli
37
What is Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?
RV+ERV+TV+IRV (maximum amount of air that can be held in the lungs)