T, E + S L6

Question 1

How is safety designed in aviation?

Answer 1

State where possibility of harm to people or properly reduced to and maintained at/below acceptable level through continuing process of hazard identification and safety risk management

Question 2

What are socio-technical systems?

Answer 2

Systems with major areas of operation and interacting stakeholders (airlines, air traffic control, airport authorities etc)
Airports have lots of operation sources such as runways and taxi ways
Use technology to achieve goals through providing a service

Question 3

What are hazards ?

Answer 3

Conditions or objects with potential to injure personnel, damage equipment/structures, cause material loss, or reduce ability to perform prescribed function

Question 4

What are some hazard sources ?

Answer 4

Design factors (airport surface infrastructure, aircraft, ATC equipment)
Procedures and operational practise
Human performance and work environment (ability to carry out work, noise, temp etc)
Organisational factors (compatibility of production and safety goals)

Question 5

What is a consequence ?

Answer 5

Potential outcome/s of a hazard

Question 6

What are predicted probability and severity ?

Answer 6

Predicted probability - likelihood an unsafe event occurs
Severity - possible consequences of event taking as reference worst situation

Question 7

What should be done after the safety risk of a hazard consequence has been found ?

Answer 7

Assess tolerability of risk (‘tolerability to consequences’) using a safety risk assessment matrix and subsequent safety risk tolerability matrix

Question 8

What should be done if a risk is intolerable?

Answer 8

Mitigation

Question 9

Hazards are an integral part of inherently safe systems and are acceptable as long as they are controlled. True or false ?

Answer 9

True

Question 10

What are some airport surface hazards ?

Answer 10

Excursion - diverting from runway
Collision with animals or foreign objects
Aircraft-aircraft collision
Aircraft-pedestrian collision on ground
Aircraft-vehicle collision on ground

Question 11

How is safety risk defined ?

Answer 11

By likelihood (1 being improbable - 5 being frequent) and severity (catastrophic - leads to death, negligible - little consequence)

Question 12

How is a safety risk assessment matrix turned to a risk tolerability matrix?

Answer 12

Red risks in first matrix go to intolerable region
Amber risks go to tolerable region - acceptable based on risk mitigation
Green risks go to acceptable region

Question 13

How is a safety risk assessment conducted ?

Answer 13

Identify hazards and consequences
Assess probability and severity of consequences
Mitigate risk through mitigation strategies

Question 14

What are the difficulties in finding hazard probability ?

Answer 14

1. No symmetry between past and future factors for hazard development
2. Limited scientific validity of probability assessment
3. Inability to assess for as done operations as opposed to imagined
4. Confirmation bias on cause of hazard and bias in predicting cumulative causes

Question 15

How are maritime safety regulations dealt with internationally?

Answer 15

International Maritime Organisation (IMO) provides forum to deliberate standards
Requires accident reports and investigation for very serious casualties

Question 16

How are maritime safety regulations dealt with on European level?

Answer 16

European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) - leads implementation of EU Maritime Safety legislation and monitors accidents involving EU flagged vessels globally and EU port accidents

Question 17

How does UK deal with maritime safety regulations nationally ?

Answer 17

Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB) finds causes of accidents and circumstances

Question 18

How are Marine Casualty or Accident events defined in the UK?

Answer 18

Event resulting in death or serious injury
Loss of individual from ship
Loss of vessel
Damage to vessel

Question 19

Which severity levels of incidents must be reported in UK and which are underreported?

Answer 19

Must be reported : Very Serious and Serious
Underreported : less serious and Marine Incident (near-miss)

Question 20

What are some Maritime Hazards ?

Answer 20

Casualty with ship
Occupational accident - slipping of person, body movement and external or internal injury, loss of control of machine, means of transport etc

Question 21

What are lagging indicators ?

Answer 21

These are indicators which prevent future unwanted outcomes by learning from past
I.e. no of unwanted outcomes (accidents, near misses, incidents) - excursions, collisions etc

Question 22

What are leading indicators?

Answer 22

These suggest temporal change in regards to risk with objective of capturing minor event leading to unwanted outcome
Ie no of safety audits conducted