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Immunology Exam Two > T Cells > Flashcards

T Cells Flashcards

0
Q

What type of T cell helps other cells but must get permission to do so?

A

Helper T cells

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1
Q

What type of T cell kills other cells but must get permission to do so by way of a cognate antigen?

A

Killer T cells

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2
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus (T for thymus)

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3
Q

From where are white blood cells made?

A

Bone marrow

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4
Q

Where do T cells circulate?

A

Blood and lymph

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5
Q

What is the function of T cell receptors located on the surface of T cells that are “antibody like receptors”?

A

Specialize in recognizing protein antigens presented by MHCs (antigen = peptide)

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6
Q

How many T cells are in the body?

A

About 300 billion

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7
Q

What is another name for killer T cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells (CTLs)

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8
Q

What activates killer T cells?

A

MHC I

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9
Q

How do killer T cells kill other cells?

A

Trigger them to commit suicide (therefore killing the virus inside, as well)

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10
Q

What activates helper T cells?

A

MHC II on APCs

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11
Q

What type of T cell can secrete cytokines?

A

Helper T cells

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12
Q

What cells keep the immune system from overreacting?

A

Regulatory T cells

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13
Q

<p>What cytokines can be released from helper T cells?</p>

A

<p>Interleukin 2 (IL-2), TNF,and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma)</p>

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14
Q

What type of T cell is activated by MHC I being presented on cell surfaces?

A

Killer T cell (CTLs)

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15
Q

What type of T cell is activated by MHC II being presented on APCs?

A

Helper T cells

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16
Q

What is required in order for helper and killer T cells to function?

A

Activation

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17
Q

What is the function of the T cell receptor?

A

Recognizing the cognate antigen

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18
Q

What is the function of the co-receptor?

A

Recognizing the MHC (I or II)

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19
Q

What is the purpose of co-stimulation?

A

Recognition of other molecules

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20
Q

More is known about activation of which T cell, overall?

A

Helper T cell

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21
Q

What happens to a T cell when it sees “self” being presented by other cells?

A

It dies (deemed unnecessary)

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22
Q

What happens to a T cell if it recognizes self antigen but doesn’t get co-stimulated?

A

It will be rendered inactive (anergized) and will eventually die

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23
Q

What happens to a T cell if it sees “nonself” and gets co-stimulated?

A

It therefore becomes activated

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24
Q

When the usual process of a T cell dying when recognizing “self” does not occur and the T cells remain, what issue can result?

A

Autoimmune disease

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25
Q

Is a T cell receptor the same as an antibody?

A

No; they are antibody-like

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26
Q

Which is more diverse: T cell or B cell receptors?

A

B cell receptors

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27
Q

What type makes up the majority of T cell receptors (95%)?

A

Alpha-beta (traditional)

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28
Q

Are all T cell receptors on mature T cells identical?

A

Yes, for the most part (but may be some exceptions)

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29
Q

What is the name given to the group of signaling proteins?

A

CD3

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30
Q

What is the non traditional type of T cell receptor?

A

Gamma-delta (make up 5%)

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31
Q

Where are nontraditional T cell receptors most abundant in the body?

A

Intestine, uterus, and tongue

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32
Q

Which have less diversity: traditional or nontraditional T cell receptors?

A

Gamma-delta (nontraditional)

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33
Q

What is the purpose of the CD3 proteins?

A

Signaling

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34
Q

What is the purpose of TCR proteins like alpha and beta?

A

Antigen recognition

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35
Q

What is the function of the co-receptor like CD4 or CD8?

A

MHC recognition and solidifying the bond

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36
Q

B7 is what kind of molecule needed to activation of T cells?

A

Co-stimulatory molecule

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37
Q

Which co-receptor is usually expressed on helper T cells?

A

CD4

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38
Q

Which co-receptor is usually expressed on killer T cells?

A

CD8

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39
Q

Which co-receptor attaches the TCR to MHC II molecules?

A

CD4

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40
Q

Which co-receptor attaches the TCR to MHC I molecules?

A

CD8

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41
Q

Which co-receptor sends a “likely to help” signal?

A

CD4

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42
Q

Which co-receptor sends out a “likely to kill” signal?

A

CD8

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43
Q

When do T cells express both co-receptors (CD4 and CD8)?

A

When they are in the thymus (immature)

44
Q

What is the function of the MHC?

A

Presents the antigen

45
Q

What is the function of the peptide?

A

Antigen

46
Q

What is the function of the TCR?

A

Recognizes the peptide antigen

47
Q

What is the function of CD3?

A

Sends a signal to the nucleus

48
Q

B7 is expressed on the surface of what cells as a co-stimulatory molecule?

A

Antigen presenting cells

49
Q

CD28 is a receptor molecule located on what cell?

A

T cell

50
Q

What is the function of CD28?

A

When activated, it amplifies the signal and lowers the number of TCR crosslinks needed for activation

51
Q

What does the combination of co-stimulation molecules depend on?

A

The pathogen involved and the area of the body

52
Q

When do lipid rafts form?

A

When T cells become experienced during activation by co-stimulation

53
Q

What is the function of the lipid raft formation?

A

Signaling of the nucleus because they contain large numbers of signaling molecules (making activation easier)

54
Q

Why don’t experienced T cells need co-stimulation for reactivation?

A

It’s easy thanks to the formation of lipid rafts

55
Q

What type of cell can deactivate T cells in a lymph node?

A

Dendritic cells

56
Q

What cells can restimulate a T cell at the battle site?

A

Macrophages

57
Q

What cells constantly scan dendritic cells in lymph nodes?

A

Helper T cells

58
Q

What is an immunological synapse?

A

Adhesion molecules binding the two cells together once a cognate antigen is found

59
Q

What attachment can lengthen the life of the dendritic cell?

A

CD40L protein and CD40 (on the dendritic cell)

60
Q

How long does complete activation of the helper T cell take?

A

4-10 hours

61
Q

What substance made by an activated helper T cell works as a positive feedback loop for division?

A

IL-2

62
Q

What type of T cells don’t have IL-2 receptors?

A

Naive T cells (process starts once cognate antigen is found which doesn’t happen the majority of the time)

63
Q

What are the communication proteins for the immune system?

A

Cytokines

64
Q

Cytokines are also important in what other body systems?

A

Endocrine and nervous systems

65
Q

What type of T cells are known for being cytokines factories?

A

Helper T cells

66
Q

What are the three major subsets of cytokines?

A

Th1, Th2, and Th17

67
Q

LPS is characteristic of what kind of bacteria?

A

Gram negative bacteria

68
Q

What cytokines are formed from Th1 helper T cells?

A

Classical cytokines (TNF, IFN-gamma, IL-2)

69
Q

What kind of attack stimulates Th1 helper T cells?

A

Viral or bacterial attack

70
Q

What response does TNF promote?

A

Inflammation

71
Q

What effect does TNF have on macrophages?

A

Activates infected macrophages and natural killer cells

72
Q

IL-2 has what effect on natural killer cells?

A

Recharges them

73
Q

What effect does IFN-gamma have on macrophages?

A

Keeps them activated

74
Q

What kind of attack stimulates Th2 helper T cells?

A

Parasitic attack or food contaminated with pathogenic bacteria

75
Q

What is the response involving Th2 helper T cells?

A

Intestines being under attack

76
Q

When the intestines are under attack (Th2 cells), what interleukins are released?

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

77
Q

What is the goal of Th2 helper T cells?

A

Provide help to B cells for antibody production, especially class switching to IgE

78
Q

What is the function of IL-4?

A

Growth factor to proliferate T cells (releasing Th2 cytokines) and is also a growth factor for B cells making IgE

79
Q

What is the function of IL-5?

A

Causes B cells to make IgA (antibacterial in the GI)

80
Q

Which interleukin stimulates mucus in the intestine?

A

IL-13

81
Q

What kind of attack stimulates Th17 helper T cells?

A

Fungal and some extracellular bacteria

82
Q

What causes helper T cells to bias toward a Th17 cell?

A

Dendritic cells making TGF-beta and IL-6

83
Q

What is the response associated with Th17 helper T cells?

A

Enhance neutrophil response (harsh chemistry and phagocytosis)

84
Q

What interleukins are produced with Th17?

A

IL-17 and IL-21

85
Q

What is the function of IL-17?

A

Recruits massive numbers of neutrophils to the area

86
Q

What is the function of IL-21?

A

Causes growth of more Th17 cells

87
Q

Where do TFH (follicular helper T cells) cells reside?

A

Lymphoid follicles

88
Q

What interleukin is produced by follicular helper T cells?

A

IL-21

89
Q

How are Th17 and follicular helper T cells related?

A

They both produce IL-21

90
Q

What is an area of proliferating B cells called?

A

Germinal centers

91
Q

What cells are important for the formation of germinal centers to eventually regulate B cell differentiation into plasma and memory B cells?

A

Follicular helper T cells

92
Q

What kind of helper cells are unbiased when first activated and can become any type?

A

Th0 helper T cells

93
Q

IL-12 release from a macrophage stimulates the formation of which bias?

A

Th1

94
Q

IL-6 and TGF-beta released from antigen presenting dendritic cell leads to which bias?

A

Th17

95
Q

When does a helper T cell become committed to a certain bias type?

A

When it starts making a certain type of cytokine

96
Q

How do helper T cells control the size of a response?

A

By dictating the number of killer T cells being made through the production of cytokines

97
Q

What is the function of perforin?

A

Pokes holes in the membrane

98
Q

What is the function of granzyme B?

A

Initiates a chain reaction leading to target cell suicide

99
Q

What two packages do CTLs/killer cells deliver to kill a cell?

A

Perforin and granzyme B

100
Q

What type of protein signaling initiates cell suicide by the killer T cells?

A

Connect a Fas ligand from the CTL to the Fas protein on the target cell

101
Q

What makes the granzyme B easily injected into the cell by CTLs?

A

The protein perforin that makes the holes in the membrane

102
Q

Which is a neater death of cell where the vesicles are eaten and disposed of by macrophages: necrosis or apoptosis?

A

Apoptosis

103
Q

Which is extremely damaging and the enzymes and chemicals from the dying cell are released into the surrounding tissue resulting in inflammation: necrosis or apoptosis?

A

Necrosis

104
Q

Compare the receptors of B and T cells

A

B cell receptors = light and heavy chains

T cell receptors = alpha and beta recognition protein

105
Q

IL-12 is associated with what Th bias?

A

Th1

106
Q

TGF-beta and IL-6 are associated with which Th bias?

A

Th17

107
Q

What Th bias is present in utero?

A

Th2

108
Q

What is the Th bias switched to at birth?

A

Th1

Immunology Exam Two (5 decks)

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