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Immunology Exam Two > Secondary Lymphoid Organs > Flashcards

Secondary Lymphoid Organs Flashcards

0
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

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1
Q

Where do B cells and T cells originate?

A

Bone marrow

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2
Q

Where do T cells migrate to mature?

A

Thymus

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3
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes (500-600 in the body), spleen, and mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

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4
Q

Where does the recognition phase of the adaptive immune response occur?

A

In the secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes usually)

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5
Q

How do secondary lymphoid organs help lymphocytes survive and continue to recirculate even when they don’t find their cognate antigen?

A

By providing them with sustaining signals

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6
Q

Are lymphoid follicles present among all secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Yes, very common

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7
Q

What type of lymphoid follicle involves a loose network of follicular dendritic cells rich in naive and memory B cells?

A

Primary

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8
Q

Which type of lymphoid follicle occurs after antigen stimulation and includes a germinal center specific for replication and differentiation?

A

Secondary

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9
Q

What is the difference between the antigen presenting dendritic cells and the follicular dendritic cells?

A

Follicular dendritic cells are stationary and remain in the lymph node unlike the traveling antigen presenting dendritic cells

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10
Q

Do the B cells of a primary lymphoid follicle “island” likely have different BCRs or are they likely to all be the same?

A

They are most likely all different which makes the proliferation aspect critical to increase amount of B cells with the same BCRs

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11
Q

What is the normal function of follicular dendritic cells?

A

Catch and display opsonized antigen to B cells with high affinity receptors

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12
Q

Follicular dendritic cells may be related to what other kind of cell?

A

Fibroblasts

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13
Q

Are follicular dendritic cells a type of white blood cell?

A

Noooo

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14
Q

What conditions can result in ectopic follicular dendritic cells?

A

Autoimmune and inflammatory conditions

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15
Q

Are follicular dendritic cells a part of the parenchymal or stromal cells of the secondary lymphoid organ?

A

Stromal

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16
Q

Follicular dendritic cells have receptors that bind antigens to what region of antibodies?

A

Fc (constant tail region)

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17
Q

Can follicular dendritic cells bind to complement proteins?

A

Yes

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the follicular dendritic cells attaching to and holding opsonized antigens?

A

BCRs cluster and crosslinks more easily enabling more activation

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19
Q

Germinal centers are associated with which type of lymphoid follicle?

A

Secondary

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20
Q

Are all the B cells in the germinal center identical clones?

A

Yes

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21
Q

The formation of germinal centers is associated with what appearance of lymph nodes?

A

Visibly swollen lymph nodes

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22
Q

The many proliferating B cells involved with a germinal center gives off what microscopic appearance?

A

“Dark zone”

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23
Q

What happens to the lower affinity BCR B cells of the germinal centers?

A

They die by apoptosis and are eaten by macrophages

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24
Q

Where does class switching of antibodies occur?

A

In the “dark zone” of the germinal centers

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25
Q

In those with T cell deficiency, what is the only antibody class that can be created by B cells?

A

IgM

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26
Q

Peyer’s patches and the appendix are associated with what kind of lymphoid tissue?

A

GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue)

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27
Q

The tonsils and adenoids are associated with what type of lymphoid tissue?

A

NALT (nasal-associated lymphoid tissue)

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28
Q

Which type of lymphoid tissue is associated with the respiratory system?

A

BALT (bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue)

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29
Q

All lymphoid tissue types (GALT, BALT, NALT) possess what?

A

Lymphoid follicles

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30
Q

How can an antigen enter the lymph node?

A

Via blood or lymph

31
Q

How does blood enter the lymph node?

A

Via arterioles

32
Q

Lymphocytes leave the blood and enter the lymph node via what structures?

A

High endothelial venules (HEV)

33
Q

T cells are more common in what area of the lymph node?

A

Paracortex

34
Q

Macrophages are found in what specific area of the lymph node?

A

Subcapsular/marginal sinus

35
Q

What is the B cell area of the lymph node?

A

Cortex

36
Q

What surrounds the lymph node?

A

Capsule

37
Q

Where does the lymph first enter the lymph node?

A

Subcapsular/marginal sinus (that is lined with macrophages)

38
Q

Where are the primary and secondary lymphoid follicles (filled with B cells) located in the lymph node?

A

Cortex

39
Q

What is the area located beneath the cortex and paracortex of the lymph node?

A

Medulla (medullary sinus)

40
Q

What are the afferent lymph vessels?

A

Incoming lymph vessels to the node

41
Q

What are efferent lymph vessels?

A

Outgoing lymph vessel to the node

42
Q

How do lymphocytes enter the lymph node specifically?

A

Via arteriole or incoming lymph

43
Q

What is the entry point for B and T cells to enter secondary lymphoid organs from the blood?

A

High endothelial venules (HEV)

44
Q

What is the structure of HEV compared to actual endothelial cells?

A

HEV are columnar in shape and have gaps in between to offer more room for the passage of cells compared to actual endothelial tissue

45
Q

At rest, what percentage of cardiac output goes through the spleen?

A

5%

46
Q

How long does it take to screen all the blood in your body?

A

30 minutes

47
Q

What kind of lymph vessels are not seen bringing lymph to the spleen?

A

No afferent lymphatics

48
Q

What drains the thoracic duct?

A

Cisterna chyli

49
Q

What type of cells dominate in the marginal sinuses?

A

Macrophages

50
Q

Blood entering the spleen must filter back out to what vein?

A

Splenic vein

51
Q

What area of the spleen consists of B cells?

A

Area between the periarteriolar lymphocyte sheath (PALS) and marginal sinus

52
Q

In what location of the spleen are T cells dominant?

A

Periarteriolar lymphocyte sheath (PALS)

53
Q

Does red or white pulp make up the bulk of the spleen?

A

Red

54
Q

Where is the site of red blood cell destruction of the spleen?

A

Red pulp

55
Q

What occurs during RBC destruction?

A

Hemoglobin: globin is broken down into individual amino acids and heme is broken down into bilirubin

56
Q

What effect does vagal stimulation have on the macrophage response in the spleen?

A

Inhibition (cholinergic anti inflammatory reflex)

57
Q

Where is the white pulp of the spleen located?

A

Within the red pulp

58
Q

Where is the periarteriolar lymphocyte sheath?

A

Surrounding the center arteriole

59
Q

What surrounds both the PALS and the follicle?

A

Perifollicular zone

60
Q

The PALS is made up of primarily what kind of cells?

A

T cells

61
Q

Follicles are made primarily of what kind of cells?

A

B cells (full of germinal centers, B cell corona, and marginal zone)

62
Q

Adults have about how many Peyer’s patches?

A

200

63
Q

What is the function of M cells (microfold cells)?

A

Enclose intestinal antigens in vesicles called endosomes

64
Q

Do M cells posses microvilli or mucus?

A

No

65
Q

After an antigen is packaged in an endosome by an M cell in the intestines, where can it be taken?

A

To the Peyer’s patches

66
Q

What do Peyer’s patches specialize in?

A

Making helper T cells that tell B cells to make IgA and making helper T cells make a Th2 cytokine profile

67
Q

Th2 bias is preferable in what location of the body?

A

Gut

68
Q

What interleukins are associated with the Th2 cytokine bias?

A

IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13

69
Q

What governs the traveling of T cells?

A

Adhesion molecules

70
Q

Do adhesion molecules allow more freedom for travel for naive or experienced T cells?

A

Naive

71
Q

Why would it be detrimental to enable experienced T cells to have more travel room?

A

Possibility for self damage (autoimmune)

72
Q

When T cells previously used in the gut are reactivated, where are they likely to go?

A

Back to the gut (where they were originally activated) due to their restricted travel by adhesion molecules

73
Q

Where do experienced B cells tend to settle down?

A

In bone marrow and spleen to make antibodies

74
Q

Where can can specialized populations of lymphocytes be found besides lymphoid tissue?

A

Liver, lamina propria of the gut, base of the epithelial lining of the gut, reproductive epithelia

75
Q

What seems to be the important role of lymphocyte populations outside of the lymphoid tissue?

A

Protection from infection

Immunology Exam Two (5 decks)

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