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Immunology > T-Cell Activation > Flashcards

T-Cell Activation Flashcards

Processes: 1. antigen recognition/ costimulation a. antigen recognition/ TCR signaling i. CD3: ITAM signal transduction ii. epsilon- ITAM signal transduction iii. CD4/ CD80 Lkc signal transudction b. costimulators- i. CD28 receptor on Tcells ii. CD40 L iii. co-inhibitors: CTLA-4 and PD-1 c. adhesion molecules- 2. Pathways 1. PLCA1- calcium 2. PLCA- DAG 3. GTP/ RAS 4. PI-3 Kinases 3. Differentiation

1
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

defense against infections by itnracellular microbes

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2
Q

clonal expansion

A

duplication of lymphocytes with antigen-specific receptors

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3
Q

differentiation

A

conversion of naive t cells into a mature population of effector T cels

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4
Q

molecule: CD4

A

on: Helper T Cells
wh: co-receptor
f(x): bind to APCs at a site separate from the peptide binding cleft of the MHC I

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5
Q

molecule: CD8

A

on: cytotoxic T Cells
wh: co-receptor
f(x): binds to APCs at a site separate from the peptide binding cleft of MHC II

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6
Q

molecule: CD3 proteins

A

on: T cells
wh: cell surface molecule, associated with TCR
f(x): signal transduction by TCR complex
*works with the epsilon chain

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7
Q

molecule: CD4

A

on: Helper T Cells
wh: costimulatory molecules that bind to MHCII
f(x): necessary in addition to antigen binding to the TCR in order to initiate activation signaling.

may require cross-presentation

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8
Q

CD8

A

on: Cytotoxic T Cells
wh:costimulatory molecules that bind to MHCI
f(x):necessary in addition to antigen binding to the TCR in order to initiate activation signaling.

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9
Q

CD28

A

on: T cells
wh: a receptor for costimulators
f(x): binds to B7-1 and B7-2 which are expressed in higher numbers on activated APCs

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10
Q

CTLA-4

A

on: T Cells
wh: inhibitory co-stimulator
f(x): inihibitory molecule for CD28 like proteins. mutations may contribute to susceptibility to diseases like Graves and Type I diabetes

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11
Q

LFA-1

A

on: T Cells
wh: cell adhesion receptor (integrin)
f(x): binds to a ligands on APCs (ICAM-1) and helps with processes like infiltration and immunosynapse formation

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12
Q

VLA-4

A

on:: T Cells
wh: cell adhesion molecule (integrin)
f(x): binds to VCAM-1, a ligand expressed on endothelial cells. important for initiating rolling and infiltration

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13
Q

TCR complex

A

on: T Cells
wh: TCR, epsilon chain, and CD3 protein
f(x): to initated signaling through Lck tyrosine kinase and ITAMs

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14
Q

superantigens

A

antigens that induce excessive inflammatory release of cytokines

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15
Q

ICAM-1

A

on: APCs
wh: cell adhesion ligand
f(x): a ligand on APCs that is captured by the cytotoxic T cell receptor LFA-1

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16
Q

VCAM-1

A

on: endothelial cells
wh: cell adhesion molecule, ligand
f(x): binds to the VLA-4 receptor on lymphocytes and promotes adhesion

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17
Q

B7-1/B7-2

A

f(x): an APC costimulator for T Cells
express by: APCs
wh: act as ligands and bind to CD28 receptor expressed constitutively on T cells. Co-stimulation is necessary for activation

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18
Q

CD40L

A

on: a Tcell costimulator for APCs
cells: T Cells
f(x): expressed by activated T-cells, binds to CD40 and makes APCs better at secreting cytokines and other activating factors

19
Q

CD40

A

on: an APC costimulator receptor for Tcell ligand
cells: APC
f(x): binds to CD40, a molecule that is expressed on T-cells at a higher rate when they are activated. CD40 signaling favors greater production of cytokines

20
Q

adjuvants

A

costimulatory molecules that are added to vaccines, mainly to promote activity of APCs, examples include CD40 and B7

21
Q

immunological synapse

A

f(x): facilitates proper signaling, possibly other activities like termination of immune response

center: CD4/CD8 receptors and CD28
peripheral ring: integrins

22
Q

Lck

A

wh: tyrosine kinase
on: T Cells, intrallcelllar part of CD4 or CD8 costimulator

f(x): initiates TCR mediated signaling by phoshorylating residues on the ITAM regions of CD3 and epsilon proteins

23
Q

ITAMs

A

wh: regions of CD3 and the Epsilon chain
on: expressed in T Cells, intrallceular
f(x): they are phosphorylated by the Lck tyrosine kinase and serve as a scaffold for ZAP-70

24
Q

ZAP-70

A

on: T Cells
wh: helps initiate TCR mediated signaling
f(x): docks on phosphorylated ITAM regions of CD3 and the epsilon chain, the protein itself is phosphorylated by Lck tyrosine kinase and goes on to phosphorylated adaptor proteins in diverse pathways

25
Q

NF-kB

A

a cytoplasmic protein that is disinhibited by PLC/PKC pathway as well as the GTP/ERK kinase pathway and translocated to the nucleus where it serves as a transcription factor

26
Q

AP-1

A

activating protein 1, a transcription factor that serves as an effector in the PLC, GTP-Ras, and PI3 pathways

27
Q

NFAT

A

nuclear factor of activated T-cells, a transcription factor that is present in inactive form in the cytoplasm and translocated to the nucleus with calcium and calcineurin based signaling

28
Q

PLC signaling

A
  1. Lck
  2. ITAM/ZAP
  3. “adaptor proteins”
  4. PLCgamma1
  5. a. calcineurin-> NFAT
    b. PKC-> NF-kB
29
Q

Ras signaling

A
  1. Lck
  2. ITAM/ZaP
  3. “adaptor proteins”
  4. Ras
  5. ERK/JNK
  6. NF-kB
30
Q

Pi-3 signaling

A
  1. Lck
  2. ITAM/ZAP
  3. “adaptor proteins”
  4. PIP3
  5. Akt/ mTOR
    a. AP-1
    b. protein synthesis
31
Q

IL2

A 
Cellular Sources: Cd4+ and CD8+ T cells
Actions (act on T regulatory and effectors)
1. survival
2. proliferation
3. differentiation
32
Q

IL-4

A

Cellular Sources: CD4+ T cells, mast cells

Actions: B cell switching to IgE

33
Q

IL-5

A

Sources: CD4+ T Cells, mast cells

activation of eosinophils

34
Q

Interferon gamma

A

CD4+ CD8+ T cells, Natural Killer Cells

activation of macrophages

35
Q

IL-17

A

CD4+ T cells, other cells

stimulation of acute inflammation

36
Q

TGT-Beta

A

Cellular Sources: CD4+ T cells; many other types of cells

action: inhibition of T cell activation: differentiation of regulatory T cells

37
Q

Regulatory T Cells

A

a subset of Helper T cells that suppress immune response

38
Q

Th1 cells

A 
signature cytokines: IFN gamma
host defense: intracellular microbes
Immune Reactions; 
1. macrophage activation
2. IgG production
39
Q

Th2

A 
signature cytokines: IL4, IL, IL13
host defense: helminthic parasites
Immune Reactions
1. mast cell and eosinophil activation
2. Ig# production
3. alternative macrophage activation
40
Q

Th17

A

signature cytokines: IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22
host defense: extracellular bacteria, fungi
Immune Reactions
neutrophilic, monocytic inflammation

41
Q

Th1 differentation

  1. microbe
  2. cytokines
  3. transcription factors
A
  1. intracellular bacterium
  2. IFN gamma, IL-12
  3. STAT1, STAT4, T-bet
42
Q

Th2 differentation

  1. microbe
  2. cytokines
  3. transcription factors
A
  1. helminths
  2. IL-4
  3. STAT-5, GATA-3
43
Q

Th17 differentation

  1. microbe
  2. cytokines
  3. transcription factors
A
  1. extracellular bacteria and fungi
  2. TGF-beta, IL-6, IL-23
  3. STAT3, RORgammat

Immunology (8 decks)

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