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IB Chemistry HL > T 10 - Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

T 10 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

How many bonds does the following atom have in an organic compound?

Carbon

A

4 bonds

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2
Q

How many bonds does the following atom have in an organic compound?

Oxygen

A

2 bonds

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3
Q

How many bonds does the following atom have in an organic compound?

Nitrogen

A

3 bonds

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4
Q

How many bonds does the following atom have in an organic compound?

Hydrogen & Halogens

A

1 bond

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5
Q

Synonym to “carbon chains”

A

Hydrocarbon skeletons

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6
Q

The (atom(s)/particle(s)?) that gives an organic compound its properties

A

Functional group(s)

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7
Q

Functional group of Alkanes
+ name of functional group

A

None!

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8
Q

Functional group of Alkenes
+ name of functional group

A

Double bond
+ Alkenyl group

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9
Q

Functional group of Alkynes
+ name of functional group

A

Triple bond
+ Alkynyl group

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10
Q

Functional group of Arenes
+ name of functional group

A

Delocalized electrons in a ring system
+ Phenyl group

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11
Q

Functional group of Alcohols
+ name of functional group

A

R-OH
+ Hydroxyl group

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12
Q

Functional group of Ethers
+ name of functional group

A

R-O-R’
+ Ether group

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13
Q

Functional group of Aldehydes
+ name of functional group

A

RCHO
+ Aldehyde (group?)

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14
Q

Functional group of Ketones
+ name of functional group

A

R-CO-R’
+ Carbonyl group

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15
Q

Functional group of Carboxylic Acids
+ name of functional group

A

R-COOH
+ Carboxyl group

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16
Q

Functional group of Esters
+ name of functional group

A

R-COO-R’
+ Ester group

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17
Q

Functional group of Amides
+ name of functional group

A

e.g. RCONH2
+ Carboxy amide group

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18
Q

Functional group of Amines
+ name of functional group

A

e.g. R-NH2
+ Amino group (amine group)

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19
Q

Functional group of Nitriles
+ name of functional group

A

R-CN (triple bond CN)
+ Nitrile group

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20
Q

Primary amine (structure)

A

R-NH2

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21
Q

Secondary amine (structure)

A

R-NH-R(‘?)

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22
Q

Tertiary amine (structure)

A

R-N-2R (bonds to three C or R)

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23
Q

Define a Homologous Series

A

[Series of molecules that] only differ by [the presence of] 1 extra C and its 2 H atoms. They have the same functional group and belong to the same family (class?)

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24
Q

Properties in a homologous series

A

Chemical properties remain ~ same

Physical properties gradually change as the carbon chain gets longer

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25
Q

How does boiling point change in a homologous series?

Refer to (alkanes/alkenes?) and alcohols

A

(Alkanes/alkenes I think) gradual increase going down the series; as the molar mass incr., so do the London forces — more E required

Alcohols also gradual increase (same reason^^), but start higher due to hydrogen bonds

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26
Q

Equation for the n of C & H in
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes

A

Alkanes CnH2n+2
Alkenes CnH2n
Alkynes CnH2n-2

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27
Q

Equation for the n of C & H in
Alcohols
Carboxylic acids

A

Alcohols CnH(2n+2)O (alkane + O)
Carboxylic acids CnH2nO2 (aldehyde + O)

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28
Q

Equation for the n of C & H in
Aldehydes
Ketones

A

Aldehydes & Ketones CnH2nO (both same!)

29
Q

A structural formula provides info of…

A

… HOW the atoms are bonded together

30
Q

Non-cyclic alkanes

A

not in a ring (think “normal”)

31
Q

Isomers =

A

= same molecular formula (consisting particles), but different structures

31
Q

How do you name Alkanes?

A
  1. Longest carbon chain - end of name
  2. Number carbons so those w substituents have lowest possible
  3. Name substituents + alphabetize
32
Q

What are these substituents called?
Cl, F, Br, I

A

Chloro, Fluoro, Bromo, Iodo

33
Q

What are these substituents called?
CH3, C2H5, C3H7, …

A

Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl, …

34
Q

How do you name Alkenes?

A
  1. Longest carbon chain that INCLUDES double bond - use name + -ene
  2. Number carbons so those WITH double bond have lowest possible number
  3. Name substituents + alphabetize
35
Q

How do you name Alkynes?

A
  1. Longest carbon chain that INCLUDES triple bond - use name + -yne
  2. Number carbons so those WITH triple bond have lowest possible number
  3. Name substituents + alphabetize
36
Q

Functional group of +
How do you name
ALCOHOLS?

A

R-OH
usual + ending -ol

37
Q

Functional group of +
How do you name
ALDEHYDES?

A

R-CHO
usual (-number always 1) + ending -al

38
Q

Functional group of +
How do you name
KETONES?

A

R-CO-R’
usual + ending -one

39
Q

Functional group of +
How do you name
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS?

A

R-COOH
usual (-number, always 1) + ending -oic acid

40
Q

Functional group of +
How do you name
HALOGENOALKANES?

A

R-X
the halogen is a substituent

41
Q

Functional group of +
How do you name
ARENES?

A

Benzene ring
substituents + benzene

42
Q

What is benzene called when it is a substituent?

A

= phenyl

43
Q

Functional group of +
How do you name
ESTERS?

A

R-COO-R’
split between the O-R’
R-COO = alkane name + -oate
-R’ = alkyl group (methyl, ethyl, propyl etc)
put together = **yl **oate

44
Q

Functional group of +
How do you name
AMINES?
Primary & not

A

R-NH2 (ex?)
Primary: use as substituent e.g. Amino ethane, 2-amino propane
Not primary: use -amine and substiuents e.g. dimethyl amine, ethyl-methyl amine

45
Q

Functional group of +
How do you name
AMIDES?

A

R-CONH2
ending: -amide

46
Q

Functional group of +
How do you name
NITRILES?

A

R-CN
ending: -nitrile
e.g. Propanenitrile

47
Q

What is a PRIMARY carbon?
& Its notation?

A

C atom only bonds to ONE other C atom
1°

48
Q

What is a SECONDARY carbon?
& Its notation?

A

C atom bonds to TWO other C atoms
2°

49
Q

What is a TERTIARY carbon?
& Its notation?

A

C atom bonds to THREE other C atoms
3°

50
Q

Define volatility
+ what is considered volatile?

A

How easily it forms gas/Ease to evaporate at room T
Low boiling point (<100°C) considered volatile

51
Q

What does the boiling point depend on?

A

length of carbon chain — incr. M — stronger London Forces

52
Q

Is a straight or branched chain/compound more volatile?
+ why?

A

Branched!
Straight - closer – larger surface A in contact —- stronger L.F.
Branched - molecules further apart – smaller surface A in contact —- weaker L.F. — more volatile

53
Q

Are aldehydes, ketones and halogeoalkanes volitile? Explain + how it changes

A

w. short C-chains (low boiling point) volatile
as length incr. — less volatile (decr)

54
Q

Volatility of halogenoalkanes

A

rather high molecular masses — reasonably high b.p. (low volatility)
but the smallest still considered volatile

55
Q

Volatility alcohols, carboxylic acids

A

Alcohols and carboxylic acids have hydrogen bonds that are stronger than dipole-dipole
and London forces. Methanol and Ethanol have boiling points below 100 °C and are
therefore considered volatile.

56
Q

Volatility aldehydes, ketones, halogenoalkanes

A

Aldehydes, ketones and halogenoalkanes have dipole-dipole and London forces.
Aldehydes and ketones with short carbon chains have low boiling points and are
volatile, but as the carbon chain length increase the volatility decreases.

57
Q

An organic compounds solubility in water depends on…

A

… the polarity of the functional grp (+n of them) & the chain length

58
Q

Is a longer carbon chain more or less likely to dissolve in water?

A

Less!
longer C-chain — less likely to dissolve in water

59
Q

Solubility alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids in water? + how it changes

A

alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids w. short carbon chains easily soluble.
As length incr. — sol. decr.
The n of funct.grps also influences sol.

60
Q

What is the physical evidence for the structure of benzene? (3 points)

A
  1. Same bond lengths
  2. The C-C-C bond angles are all the same
  3. The molecule is planar (flat)
61
Q

What is the chemical evidence for the structure of benzene? (3 points)

A
  1. The enthalpy of hydrogenation of benzene is lower than expected.
  2. There is only one isomer of 1,2-dihalogenobenzene (if double bonds there would be 2)
  3. If it had double bonds it would react in addition reactions, but it doesn’t; instead it undergoes Substitution reactions.
62
Q

Are alkanes reactive or not? + why

A

Alkanes are quite unreactive (inert), due to the rel. strong C-C and C-H bonds and bc of the low polarity of these bonds

63
Q

What are the main reactions of alkanes?

A
  • Combustion w. oxygen
  • Substitution reactions w. halogens in UV-light
64
Q

Explain the combustion w oxygen (alkanes)

A

alkanes burn in oxygen/air →CO2 + H2O
highly exothermic (bonds prod much stronger than react.) (used as fuels)
Not always complete combustion. If not enough O2 → CO (toxic) + somet. C (inhale danger.)
Sometimes doesn’t burn
Also env problem as → CO2 → global warming

65
Q

Explain the substitution reaction w. halogens (for alkanes). + what does it require?

A

Alkane + halogen (X2) → halogenoalkane + HX
Requires UV-light

66
Q

Mechanism chlorination of methane

A
67
Q

What does volatility relate/refer to?

A

A substance’s ease of evaporating at room temperature.

IB Chemistry HL (8 decks)

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