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Psychology Paper Three > SZ Essays > Flashcards

SZ Essays Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two manuals for diagnosing SZ?

A

DSM-5
ICD-10

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2
Q

What are the Positive Symptoms of SZ?

A

Hallucinations: there are two types, visual and auditory.
Delusions: paranoia

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3
Q

What are the Negative Symptoms of SZ?

A

Avolition: poor hygiene, lack of energy and inconsistency
Speech poverty: courted speech or delay

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4
Q

What is the Classification and Diagnosis of SZ?

A

What SZ is
Manuals
Symptoms

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5
Q

What is a positive to the Manuals in SZ? (Reliability)

A

Has reliability as many professionals agree on the manual meaning that it has inter-rater reliability.

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6
Q

What is a negative of the Manuals in SZ? (Validity)

A

Different assessments may be made as it is not standardised meaning that it lacks validity.

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7
Q

What is a negative to diagnosing SZ? (Symptom Overlap)

A

Many disorders under the manual fall under the same symptoms.

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8
Q

What is a negative of the Manuals in SZ? (Culture)

A

The manuals are only in Europe and the USA meaning that it cannot be generalisable to other cultures.

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9
Q

What is Reliability in SZ?

A

Consistency of the diagnosis in SZ.

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10
Q

How is Inter-Rater reliability measured?

A

Kappa score: a score of 1 is perfect and 0 is no agreement. SZ only had a score of 0.46.

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11
Q

What are the Cultural Differences in reliability?

A

Study found that African and Indian subjects reported positive experiences with voices that they heard whilst the American subjects reported negative experiences.

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12
Q

What was Rosenhan’s procedure into Being sane in Insane places?

A

Ppts called a hospital and acted as patients and reported voices saying words like ‘empty’, ‘hollow’ and ‘thud’. The ppts invented no other symptoms and none of the ppts had a history of psychiatric disturbance. Once being admitted, the ppts were told to behave normally, they did not take the medication and followed the rules and behaved cooperatively.

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13
Q

What did Rosenhan find in his study?

A

In 11 instances ppts were admitted on a diagnosis of SZ ad discharged with SZ in remission. And 1 case the ppt was diagnosed with manic-depressive psychosis disorder and stays ranged between 7-52 days, with a mean of 19 days. Type 2 error bias.

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14
Q

What is Validity in SZ?

A

The extent to which the diagnosis is real or other disorders.

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15
Q

What is Gender Bias in Validity?

A

Parents tend to be less tolerant of SZ sons than daughters and the DSM has been criticised to lean towards women.

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16
Q

What is Symptom Overlap in Validity?

A

Research found that people with DID have more symptoms than people with SZ do, this is the idea many symptoms overlap. Like bipolar and depression.

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17
Q

What is Co-morbidity in SZ?

A

Two or more conditions occurring, like Depression and substance abuse meaning that we may not be sure as researchers found OCD may be involved in SZ.

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18
Q

What is a negative of Validity in SZ? (Symptom Overlap)

A

This may lead to the incorrect treatment or diagnosis meaning that someone may go untreated.

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19
Q

What is a negative of Validity in SZ? (Gender Bias)

A

Stereotyping may occur as there is gender bias meaning that women are seen as more mentally ill.

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20
Q

What is a negative of Reliability in SZ? (Culture)

A

Cultural variations may lead to confusion and inaccurate diagnosis meaning that someone may go untreated.

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21
Q

What is a negative or Reliability in SZ? (Subjective)

A

Clinicians use a different technique meaning that it may be inconsistent in their diagnosis and therefore lacking reliability.

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22
Q

What are the Biological Explanations of SZ?

A

Twin and Adoption studies
Dopamine Hypothesis
Neural Correlates

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23
Q

What are the Genetic Factors in SZ?

A

Researchers believe that SZ may be heredity and people who have SZ may run in their families.

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24
Q

What do Twin studies show in SZ?

A

MZ share 100% of their DNA and DZ share 50%, research found that the concordance rate for MZ twins was 40.4% and for DZ twins it was 7.4%.

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25
Q

What do Adoption Studies show in SZ?

A

Tienari et al found that out of 164 adoptees, 11 who had a mother who was SZ were diagnosed too compared to 4.

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26
Q

What is the original Dopamine hypothesis?

A

The original hypothesis stated that dopamine fires too often leading to high activity, causing positive symptoms.

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27
Q

What is the Revised Dopamine Hypothesis?

A

The idea it is not more dopamine but more receptors, leading to more firing and over production of messages. Found through autopsies in the increased amount of dopamine in the amygdala.

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28
Q

What are Neural Correlates in SZ?

A

Patterns of structure or activity I’m the brain that occur in conjunction with people of SZ, people have abnormally large ventricles in SZ meaning their brain is lighter and bigger.

29
Q

What is a positive of the Biological Explanation of SZ? (Treatment)

A

Drug treatments have been effective when treating the dopamine hypothesis to change the levels of dopamine.

30
Q

What is a negative of the Biological Explanation? (Twins)

A

MZ twins are raised in the same environment meaning that we cannot be sure of the validity of results as it may cause a higher concordance rate.

31
Q

What is a negative of the Biological Explanation ? (Reductionist)

A

It can be argued to be reductionist as it assumes that it comes from innate biological factors and nothing else.

32
Q

What is a negative of the Biological Explanation in SZ? (Adoption)

A

Adoptees may be actively placed in families meaning that rattler than a nature argument, it may have to do with nurture.

33
Q

What is Family Dysfunction in SZ?

A

The double bind theory: idea that children who receive contradictory messages from their parents are likely to develop SZ.
Expressed Emotion: a negative emotional climate, high degree of expressed emotions. The family talk to the patient in a hostile manner.

34
Q

What is a positive of Family Dysfunction in SZ? (Support)

A

Researchers have found that those adults with insecure attachments to their primary carer were likely to develop SZ.

35
Q

What is a negative of Family Dysfunction in SZ? (Parent blaming)

A

This has led to parent-blaming meaning that they may develop more trauma as they feel that they are to blame.

36
Q

What are the Cognitive Explanations in SZ?

A

Delusions: the degree to which the person perceives him or herself as the central (egocentric bias) and jumps to conclusions.
Hallucinations: people with SZ are hyper-vigilant meaning that they have a higher expectancy for the occurrence.

37
Q

What did Frith et al suggest in his dysfunctional thought processing?

A

Metarepresentation: the ability to reflect on through to and behaviour.
Central control: to suppress automatic responses while we perform deliberate actions instead.

38
Q

What is a positive for the Cognitive Explanation? (Support)

A

Research has found that ppts struggled on cognitive tasks that had SZ compared to non SZ.

39
Q

What is a negative of the Cognitive Explanation? (Why)

A

It simply states that the cognitions occur but don’t state where they start, cannot explain the origins of the condition.

40
Q

What are the Psychological Explanations of SZ?

A

Family Dysfunction
Cognitive Explanation

41
Q

What are Typical Antipsychotics?

A

Used primarily to combat positive symptoms, they reduce the effects of dopamine by binding to the D2 receptors and blocking their actions. An example is Chlorpromazine.

42
Q

What are Atypical Antipsychotics?

A

Drugs that combat both positive and, claimed, negative effects. Temporarily occupy the D2 receptors then dissociate to allow normal dopamine transmission. An example is clozapine.

43
Q

What is a positive of the Biological Treatments in SZ? (Placebo)

A

Research found that patients that got the actually drug was more effective than the one that was placebo.

44
Q

What are the negatives of the Biological Treatment of SZ? (Ethical)

A

Typical antipsychotics have intense side effects that may be harmful to the patient meaning that it may be harmful and therefore unethical.

45
Q

What is a positive of the Biological Treatments of SZ? (Better)

A

Atypical antipsychotics may be argued to be better however study found that there is no better one and they are both equal as there was no evidence for difference

46
Q

What is a negative of the Biological Treatments of SZ? (Motivation)

A

Someone getting diagnosed drug treatments may imply that there is something wrong with the patient meaning that they may lack motivation to take them as they do not want the negative view.

47
Q

What is CBT in SZ?

A

Usually takes 5-20 sessions, it aims to help patients identify irrational thoughts and attempting to change them. Which may be a discussion of how likely the patient’s beliefs are to be true. Patients make sense of how their delusions and hallucinations impact behaviour.

48
Q

What is the procedure of CBT?

A
  1. Initial Assessment
  2. ABC Model
  3. Normalisation
  4. Critical collaborative
  5. Developing alternative explanations
49
Q

What is a positive of CBT? (NICE)

A

The NICE review for treatments found consistent evidence that it was effective in reducing rehospitalisation.

50
Q

What is a negative of CBT? (Expensive)

A

The need for multiple sessions means that it is expensive for the patient and very time consuming.

51
Q

What is a negative of CBT? (Other)

A

Drug treatments, like typical and atypical drugs, have been found to be effective and this means that there are other treatments that may work better.

52
Q

What is Family therapy in SZ?

A

A therapy that reduces levels of EE and stress by helping solve problems. Lasts 10 sessions between 3-12 months.

53
Q

What was Pharaoh et al’s study into FT?

A

Reviewed 53 studies in Europe, Asia and North America. Compared outcomes from family therapy to standard care.

54
Q

What did Pharoah et al find in their study?

A

Mental state: mixed results
Compliance with medication: increased
Social function: not much effect
Reduction in relapse and readmission: reduction 24 months after

55
Q

What is a positive of Family Therapy in SZ? (Cost)

A

It is cost-effective as it reduced the changes or readmission into the hospital and therefore meaning that it is cost effective as it is more expensive to be admitted.

56
Q

What is a negative of Family Therapy? (Meta analysis)

A

The use of a meta-analysis means that individual differences are ignores meaning that it may lack validity.

57
Q

What is Token economy as a way of treating SZ?

A
  1. Tokens are paired with rewarding stimuli and so become secondary reinforcers
  2. Patient engages in desirable behaviour and reduces inappropriate ones
  3. Patient is given a token for rewarding behaviours
  4. Patients turn it in for desired items
58
Q

What is a negative of Token Economies? (Ethical)

A

Could be argued to be unethical as it means people must exercise control over the mentally ill.

59
Q

What is a positive of Token Economies? (Support)

A

Research found most studies into token economies had beneficial effects that had a direct correlation to the therapy.

60
Q

What are the Psychological treatments to treating SZ?

A

CBT
Token Economies
Family Therapy

61
Q

What is the Diathesis stress model?

A

The idea that a predisposition for a disorder, like genetics, (diathesis) mixed with stress triggers the disorder and they must both be present.

62
Q

What is the modern view of Diathesis?

A

There is not one single ‘schizogene’, many factors are involved like trauma or the HPA system.

63
Q

What is the modern understanding of Stress?

A

Anything that risks triggering SZ like cannabis as it interferences with dopamine that may cause SZ.

64
Q

What is a negative to the Diathesis-stress model? (Reductionist)

A

It could be argued to be reductionist as it assumes that we need a gene in order to develop SZ.

65
Q

What is a positive to the Diathesis-stress model? (Evidence)

A

Research found that high levels of criticism and conflict but low levels of empathy was found to be related to the cause of SZ, but only if the child had a predisposed gene.

66
Q

What is the Interactionist Approach to treating SZ?

A

Combining both CBT and Antipsychotics as it is not logical to purely adopt a biological approach.

67
Q

What is a positive to the Interactionist Approach to treating SZ? (Support)

A

Research found that ppts in the two combination group had lower symptoms than a control group with just the drug treatments.

68
Q

What is a negative to the Interactionist Approach to treating SZ? (Cost)

A

It is expensive to afford both drugs and therapy for the patient meaning that they may not be able to afford it and, therefore, it is too expensive.

69
Q

What is the Interactionist Approach to Treating and Explaining SZ?

A

Diathesis-stress model
CBT and Drugs

Psychology Paper Three (6 decks)

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