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Psychology Paper Three > C + D Essays > Flashcards

C + D Essays Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 stages of Intellectual Development suggested by Piaget?

A

Sensori-motor stage
Pre-operational stage
Concrete Operations
Formal Operations

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2
Q

What are the ages of the Sensori-Motor stage?

A

0-2 years old.

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3
Q

What are the ages of the Pre-operational stage?

A

2-7 years old.

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4
Q

What are the ages of the Concrete Operational stage!?

A

7-11 years old.

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5
Q

What are the ages of the Formal Operational stage?

A

12+ years old.

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6
Q

What are the features of the Sensori-motor stage?

A

Simple reflexes
Object permanence
Curiosity
Egocentric
Animism

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7
Q

What are the features of the Pre-operational stage?

A

Class inclusion
Animism
Egocentric
Speak
Intuitive age

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8
Q

What are the features of the Concrete Operational stage?

A

Conservation
Less egocentric
Know themselves better

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9
Q

What are the features of the Formal Operational stage?

A

Abstract concepts are understood
More compassionate
Deductive reasoning

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10
Q

What is a positive of Piaget’s theory? (Research support)

A

The three mountains task supports this as the children in the pre-operational stage struggled to identify the doll’s point of view.

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11
Q

What is a negative of Piaget’s theory? (Counter research)

A

Replicated the Piaget study of counters being moved by accident and found that most 4-6 year olds answered correctly.

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12
Q

What is a negative of Piaget’s theory? (Nature v Nurture)

A

This is heavily nature meaning that it fails to consider nurture and therefore may lack validity as it ignores nurture.

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13
Q

What is a negative of Piaget’s theory? (Sample bias)

A

Piaget used his own children in his studies meaning that there may be researcher bias through emotional connection.

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14
Q

What were Piaget’s main views?

A

Believed that children (and adults) construct their learning through active engagement, trying out actions and seeing effects. Children must be active learners to develop.

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15
Q

What were Vygotsky’s main views?

A

Placed emphasis on social interactions in learning, said community and language play was a central part in learning.

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16
Q

What are the 4 elementary mental functions suggested by Vygotsky?

A

Attention
Perception
Sensation
Memory

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17
Q

What is the ZPD suggested by Vygotsky?

A

Three circles inside eachother: what learner can do unaided, what the learner can do with guidance and what the learner cannot do. The MKO helps the learner get through this with Scaffolding.

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18
Q

What is a positive of Vygotsky’s theory? (Support)

A

A study into an estimation of how many sweets were in a jar, the younger children did better when there was an older child helping.

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19
Q

What is a positive of Vygotsky’s theory? (Applications)

A

Has influenced education in the real world as it has allowed for a deeper understanding in peer tutoring, teaching assistants and group work.

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20
Q

What is a negative of Vygotsky’s theory? (Individual Differences)

A

Assumes that all children learn the same way and did not take into account children that do not learn independently.

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21
Q

What is a negative of Vygotsky’s theory? (Nature v Nurture)

A

Assumes that it is nurture and often ignores nature meaning that it may lack validity as it ignores nature.

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22
Q

What were Baillargeon’s main views?

A

Aimed to investigate the unsuspected abilities of newborns and young children through violations of expectations.

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23
Q

What are the steps of VoE?

A
  1. Infants are shown an event repeatedly until they are familiar with it and stop responding.
  2. Infants are split into two groups where one is show the expected and the other is shown the unexpected.
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24
Q

What was Billargeon and Graber’s study into VoE?

A

24 infants aged 5-6 months, they were shown a short and tall rabbit passing behind a screen through a window. The possible saw the tall and the impossible show neither.

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25
Q

What did Baillargeon and Graber find in their study?

A

Infants looked on average of 33.07 seconds in the impossible compared to a 25.11 in the possible.

26
Q

What is a positive to Baillargeon’s theory? (Research Support)

A

Baillargeon et al found that when showing the infants a drawbridge going through a block they stared for longer.

27
Q

What is a negative of Baillargeon’s theory? (Culture)

A

The sample she took from was from a local newspaper meaning it is only generalisable for her local area and therefore there is culture bias.

28
Q

What is a negative of Baillargeon’s theory? (Nature)

A

Assumed that behaviour is innate meaning that it ignores nurture and does not consider it.

29
Q

What is a negative of Baillargeon’s theory? (Infants)

A

You cannot be sure of infants’ behaviour as it is unpredictable and cannot be explained.

30
Q

What was Selman’s main theory?

A

Young children do not understand the thoughts and feelings of others until they experience it themselves, this is the idea of perspective taking.

31
Q

What was Selman’s procedure into PT?

A

30 boys and girls ages 4,5 and 6 (evenly split into 20). They were measuring role taking with a hypothetical involving the Holly story. The children were asked how each person would feel.

32
Q

What did Selman find in his study?

A

A number of distinct levels of role-taking that correlated with age.

33
Q

What were the 5 stages of PT?

A

Socially Egocentric
Social Information R-T
Self-Reflective R-T
Mutual R- T
Social and Conventional System R-T

34
Q

What are the ages of the Socially Egocentric stage?

A

3-6 years.

35
Q

What are the ages of the Social Information R-T stage?

A

5-9 years.

36
Q

What are the ages of the Self-Reflective R-T stage?

A

7-12 years.

37
Q

What are the ages of the Mutual R- Ts stage?

A

10-15 years.

38
Q

What are the ages of the Social Conventional System R-T stage?

A

14+ years.

39
Q

What are the features of the Socially Egocentric stage?

A

Cannot distinguish between own and others’ emotions, can identify emotional states but don’t understand what causes it.

40
Q

What are the features of the SI R-T stage?

A

Can tell between own and others’ PoV but can only focus on one at a time.

41
Q

What are the features of the SR R-T stage?

A

Can put themselves in others’ positions and fully appreciate their perspective but can only do one at a time.

42
Q

What are the features of the Mutual R-T?

A

Able to look at a situation from their own and others’ PoV and perspective at the same time.

43
Q

What are the features of SCS R-T?

A

Able to understand that seeing from others’ PoV sometimes is not enough.

44
Q

What is a positive of Selman’s theory? (Study Support)

A

A longitudinal follow up study found that perspective-taking develops with age in each individual child.

45
Q

What is a negative of Selman’s theory? (Overly Cognitive)

A

Entirely based on cognition meaning that it fails to understand that there are more factors in a child’s development.

46
Q

What is a positive to Selman’s theory? (Applications)

A

It has allowed us to understand atypical development as it found those with ADHD and on the Autism Spectrum struggle with perspective taking.

47
Q

What is a negative of Selman’s theory? (Mixed Evidence)

A

Researchers found a negative correlation between age and perspective taking meaning that the theory may not be reliable.

48
Q

What are the main ideas of Theory of Mind?

A

The idea that people have different beliefs, emotions and intentions and they see the world from a different PoV.

49
Q

What are the 3 ways of studying ToM?

A

Intentional Reasoning
False Belief tasks
Eyes task

50
Q

What was Meltzoff’s procedure into Tom?

A

Children aged 18 months observed adults place bead into a jar, they appeared to struggle in the experimental condition and in the control they did not.

51
Q

What did Meltzoff find in his study?

A

In both conditions the children placed beads in a jar with no more beads being dropped.

52
Q

What is the Sally-Anne study?

A

Sally places her marble in her basked and then when she is not looking, Anne moves it to her basket. When Sally turns back around, where will she look for the marble?

53
Q

What was Baron-Cohen et al’s procedure into False Belief tasks?

A

Had 20 high-functioning kids diagnosed with ASD, a control group of 27 kids with no diagnosis and 14 kids with Down syndrome . They were all individually given the Sally-Anne task.

54
Q

What did Baron-Cohen et al find?

A

85% of control group correctly identified where she would look but only 20% of the ASD group did.

55
Q

What is an Eyes Task?

A

Involves reading complex emotions in pictures of faces just showing a small area around the eye, it was developed to test older children and adults.

56
Q

What did Baron-Cohen et al find in their Eyes Task study?

A

Adults with AS and those diagnosed with high-functioning ASD struggled with the eyes task.

57
Q

What is a negative to ToM? (False Belief tasks)

A

False belief tasks require other factors like memory and some children may be better or not.

58
Q

What is a negative of ToM? (Distinguishable)

A

Hard to distinguish between PT and ToM as the studies could simple measure each other meaning that it may lack validity.

59
Q

What is a negative of the Eyes Task? (Realistic)

A

The task may lack mundane realism as it is not realistic and therefore cannot be generalised.

60
Q

What is a negative of ToM? (No clear understanding)

A

There is no clear evidence to suggest how ToM develops as evidence is contradictory and this means that it may lack validity.

Psychology Paper Three (6 decks)

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