Systems Path I - Neuro PPT 2 Flashcards
inflammatory response and the majority of the organisms reside in the CSF
leptomeningitis
parenchymal infection that is usually bacterial or fungal
cerebritis
parenchymal infection, but the term usually refers to viral infections with necrosis, perivascular lymphocytic cuffing and microglial nodules
encephalitis
have many polymorph nuclear leukocytes within a necrotic core surrounded by granulation tissue
abscesses
what does TORCH stand for
infection of a a developing fetus or newborn T - toxoplasmosis O - other agents R - rubella (measles) C - cytomegalovirus H - herpes simplex
most common source of meningitis
hematogenous - from abscess, heart valve, lung infection
bacterial meningitis causes
polymorpho nuclear responses
viral meningitis causes
lymphocytic responses
fungi and mycobacterial meningitis causes
granulomatous reactions
meningitis that peak incidence is in children (6 months to 5 years) caused by H influenzae
bacterial
acute pyogenic meningitis is usually _____ and infiltrates in the walls off arteries and veins
bacterial
CSF findings in meningitis
high neutrophils
decreased glucose
increased protein
what is the most common bacterial organism causing neonatal meningitis
e coli, group B streptococci
chronic basilar meningitis may block CSF flow through the foramina of Magendie and Luschka, leading to hydrocephalus, headache, nausea and vomiting
tuberculous meningitis
most common disease of the CNS (mostly of children and young adults)
viral meningitis (lymphocytic or aseptic meningitis)
inflammation of gray matter of the spinal cord, due to infection by poliovirus
poliomyelitis
transmitted to human via saliva by bite, results in difficulty swallowing and a tendency to aspirate fluids that leads to hydrophobia
rabies
encephalitis localizes mainly in one or both temporal lobes which become swollen and hemorrhagic and necrotic
herpes virus
childhood chicken pox
herpes zoster
reactivated herpes zoster
shingles
chronic, lethal, viral infection of the brain caused by measles virus; mainly in childhood
sub-acute sclerosing-pan-encephalitis
virus responsible for progressive multifocal leukoecencephalopathy
JC virus (john cunningham virus)
seen in patients with associated immune suppression or chronic disease (lymphoma, AIDS); presence of giant bizarre astrocytes and oligodendrocyte nuclear inclusion
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
rapidly progressive ataxia and dementia, finding of spongiform encephalopathy, included in CJD, long incubation period
prion disease
patient 50-70 yo, severe dementia, early stage CJD, personality changes, and impaired judgment
prions disease
meningo vascular inflammation leading to pachy meningitis and strokes caused by obliterative endarteritis
neurosyphilis
neurosyphilis: infiltration of meninges and vessels by lymphocytes and plasma cells leading to thickening of meninges
meningovasculitis
neurosyphilis: atrophy, loss of cortical neurons in frontal lobes, proliferation of microglial cells
general paresis
neurosyphilis: inflammation lesions involving meninges and vessels in subarachnoid space of dorsal nerve roots
tabes dorsalis (posterior column degneration)
seizures occur in roughly 50% of cases
intracerebral abscesses
tumors that arise from cells in the arachnoid mater (commonly in foramen magnum in young/middle aged females)
meningioma
most common primary brain tumors
astrocytoma
type of astrocytoma that is further subdivided based on grade
diffuse astrocytoma
WHO grade II
low grade fibrillary astrocytomas
WHO grade III
anaplastic astrocytomas
WHO grade IV
glioblastoma multiforme (most common primary intracranial malignancy; late middle age group)
astrocytoma: arise in children and young adults, occur in cerebellum, cerebello-pontine angle and 3rd ventricle
pilocytic astrocytoma
neoplasm presents as a slow growing tumor in the middle age group and typically arises in the cerebral hemispheres
oligodendroglioma
FRIED EGG
oligodendroglioma
most common neoplasm in childhood, malignant tumor in the cerebellum
medulloblastoma
neoplasm that occurs in the 4th ventricle, results in papillary growth that obstruct the flow of CSF and lead to hydrocephalus
ependymoma
seen as expanded white matter of the left cerebral hemisphere and thickened corpus callosum and fornices
low grade astrocytoma
appearing as necrotic, hemorrhagic, infiltrating mass
glioblastoma
tumor of the lateral ventricles, benign
choroid plexus tumors
tumor that arises in the 8th nerve root (cerebellopontine angle)
schwannomas
cause a fusiform enlargement of the nerve in which they arise
neuro-fibromas
affect immunosuppressed individuals such as patients with AIDS
cerebral lymphoma
what is the most common site of pilocytic astrocytomas
cerebellum
what are the two types of glial neoplasms
oligodendrogliomas and ependymomas
what are common primary tumors that metastasize to the brain
lung cancer (MOST), breast, skin, and GI
if rosette-like structures are presented in a case, diagnoses is
medulloblastoma
15yo with papillary growth extending to the floor of the ventricle
ependymoma
uniform cells that have round central nuclei surrounded by a clear space or halo
oligodendroglioma
neoplasm that occurs as solitary or multiple tumors of peripheral nerves derived from schwann cells
neurofibroma
what deficiency is the primary cause of neural tube defects
folate
abnormally high hCG, inhibin - A, and low estriol in fetus can be a sign of
down syndrome
