Systems Path I - Neuro PPT 2

Question 1

inflammatory response and the majority of the organisms reside in the CSF

Answer 1

leptomeningitis

Question 2

parenchymal infection that is usually bacterial or fungal

Answer 2

cerebritis

Question 3

parenchymal infection, but the term usually refers to viral infections with necrosis, perivascular lymphocytic cuffing and microglial nodules

Answer 3

encephalitis

Question 4

have many polymorph nuclear leukocytes within a necrotic core surrounded by granulation tissue

Answer 4

abscesses

Question 5

what does TORCH stand for

Answer 5

infection of a a developing fetus or newborn 
T - toxoplasmosis
O - other agents
R - rubella (measles)
C - cytomegalovirus 
H - herpes simplex

Question 6

most common source of meningitis

Answer 6

hematogenous - from abscess, heart valve, lung infection

Question 7

bacterial meningitis causes

Answer 7

polymorpho nuclear responses

Question 8

viral meningitis causes

Answer 8

lymphocytic responses

Question 9

fungi and mycobacterial meningitis causes

Answer 9

granulomatous reactions

Question 10

meningitis that peak incidence is in children (6 months to 5 years) caused by H influenzae

Answer 10

bacterial

Question 11

acute pyogenic meningitis is usually _____ and infiltrates in the walls off arteries and veins

Answer 11

bacterial

Question 12

CSF findings in meningitis

Answer 12

high neutrophils
decreased glucose
increased protein

Question 13

what is the most common bacterial organism causing neonatal meningitis

Answer 13

e coli, group B streptococci

Question 14

chronic basilar meningitis may block CSF flow through the foramina of Magendie and Luschka, leading to hydrocephalus, headache, nausea and vomiting

Answer 14

tuberculous meningitis

Question 15

most common disease of the CNS (mostly of children and young adults)

Answer 15

viral meningitis (lymphocytic or aseptic meningitis)

Question 16

inflammation of gray matter of the spinal cord, due to infection by poliovirus

Answer 16

poliomyelitis

Question 17

transmitted to human via saliva by bite, results in difficulty swallowing and a tendency to aspirate fluids that leads to hydrophobia

Answer 17

rabies

Question 18

encephalitis localizes mainly in one or both temporal lobes which become swollen and hemorrhagic and necrotic

Answer 18

herpes virus

Question 19

childhood chicken pox

Answer 19

herpes zoster

Question 20

reactivated herpes zoster

Answer 20

shingles

Question 21

chronic, lethal, viral infection of the brain caused by measles virus; mainly in childhood

Answer 21

sub-acute sclerosing-pan-encephalitis

Question 22

virus responsible for progressive multifocal leukoecencephalopathy

Answer 22

JC virus (john cunningham virus)

Question 23

seen in patients with associated immune suppression or chronic disease (lymphoma, AIDS); presence of giant bizarre astrocytes and oligodendrocyte nuclear inclusion

Answer 23

progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

Question 24

rapidly progressive ataxia and dementia, finding of spongiform encephalopathy, included in CJD, long incubation period

Answer 24

prion disease

Question 25

patient 50-70 yo, severe dementia, early stage CJD, personality changes, and impaired judgment

Answer 25

prions disease

Question 26

meningo vascular inflammation leading to pachy meningitis and strokes caused by obliterative endarteritis

Answer 26

neurosyphilis

Question 27

neurosyphilis: infiltration of meninges and vessels by lymphocytes and plasma cells leading to thickening of meninges

Answer 27

meningovasculitis

Question 28

neurosyphilis: atrophy, loss of cortical neurons in frontal lobes, proliferation of microglial cells

Answer 28

general paresis

Question 29

neurosyphilis: inflammation lesions involving meninges and vessels in subarachnoid space of dorsal nerve roots

Answer 29

tabes dorsalis (posterior column degneration)

Question 30

seizures occur in roughly 50% of cases

Answer 30

intracerebral abscesses

Question 31

tumors that arise from cells in the arachnoid mater (commonly in foramen magnum in young/middle aged females)

Answer 31

meningioma

Question 32

most common primary brain tumors

Answer 32

astrocytoma

Question 33

type of astrocytoma that is further subdivided based on grade

Answer 33

diffuse astrocytoma

Question 34

WHO grade II

Answer 34

low grade fibrillary astrocytomas

Question 35

WHO grade III

Answer 35

anaplastic astrocytomas

Question 36

WHO grade IV

Answer 36

glioblastoma multiforme (most common primary intracranial malignancy; late middle age group)

Question 37

astrocytoma: arise in children and young adults, occur in cerebellum, cerebello-pontine angle and 3rd ventricle

Answer 37

pilocytic astrocytoma

Question 38

neoplasm presents as a slow growing tumor in the middle age group and typically arises in the cerebral hemispheres

Answer 38

oligodendroglioma

Question 39

FRIED EGG

Answer 39

oligodendroglioma

Question 40

most common neoplasm in childhood, malignant tumor in the cerebellum

Answer 40

medulloblastoma

Question 41

neoplasm that occurs in the 4th ventricle, results in papillary growth that obstruct the flow of CSF and lead to hydrocephalus

Answer 41

ependymoma

Question 42

seen as expanded white matter of the left cerebral hemisphere and thickened corpus callosum and fornices

Answer 42

low grade astrocytoma

Question 43

appearing as necrotic, hemorrhagic, infiltrating mass

Answer 43

glioblastoma

Question 44

tumor of the lateral ventricles, benign

Answer 44

choroid plexus tumors

Question 45

tumor that arises in the 8th nerve root (cerebellopontine angle)

Answer 45

schwannomas

Question 46

cause a fusiform enlargement of the nerve in which they arise

Answer 46

neuro-fibromas

Question 47

affect immunosuppressed individuals such as patients with AIDS

Answer 47

cerebral lymphoma

Question 48

what is the most common site of pilocytic astrocytomas

Answer 48

cerebellum

Question 49

what are the two types of glial neoplasms

Answer 49

oligodendrogliomas and ependymomas

Question 50

what are common primary tumors that metastasize to the brain

Answer 50

lung cancer (MOST), breast, skin, and GI

Question 51

if rosette-like structures are presented in a case, diagnoses is

Answer 51

medulloblastoma

Question 52

15yo with papillary growth extending to the floor of the ventricle

Answer 52

ependymoma

Question 53

uniform cells that have round central nuclei surrounded by a clear space or halo

Answer 53

oligodendroglioma

Question 54

neoplasm that occurs as solitary or multiple tumors of peripheral nerves derived from schwann cells

Answer 54

neurofibroma

Question 55

what deficiency is the primary cause of neural tube defects

Answer 55

folate

Question 56

abnormally high hCG, inhibin - A, and low estriol in fetus can be a sign of

Answer 56

down syndrome