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Pathology > Systems Path I - Neuro PPT 1 > Flashcards

Systems Path I - Neuro PPT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the 3rd leading cause of death in the US

A

stroke

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2
Q

occlusion at ____ causes cortical infarcts with motor and sensory loss and often aphasia

A

trifurcation

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3
Q

occlusion at ____ reveals large infarct of the right hemisphere with swelling and focal dusky discoloration

A

middle cerebral artery

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4
Q

with age, astrocytes are prone to

A

develop glucose polymer inclusion bodies, termed corpora amylacea

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5
Q

_______ to the CNS as Schwann cells are the PNS

A

oligodendroglia cells

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6
Q

what is responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid and consists of papillae with a highly vascular core covered by cuboidal epethelium

A

choroid plexus

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7
Q

what is rich in neurons, including cerebral cortex, cerebellar cortex, basal ganglia

A

gray matter

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8
Q

functions of the cerebral cortex

A

though, voluntary movement, language, reasoning, perception

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9
Q

functions of the cerbellum

A

movement, balance, posture

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10
Q

functions of the midbrain

A

vision, audition, eye movement, body movement

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11
Q

functions of the brain stem

A

breathing, heart rate, blood pressure

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12
Q

functions of the thalamus

A

sensory processing, movement

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13
Q

functions of hypothalamus

A

body temp, emotions, hunger, thirst, circadian rhythms

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14
Q

functions of the limbic system

A

emotions, memory

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15
Q

accumulation of CSF OR failure of CSF absorption from the cranial vault resulting in dilation of these structures

A

hydrocephalus

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16
Q

hydrocephalus: obstruction of foramen of Monro may lead to dilation of one or both lateral ventricles

A

non communicating or obstructive hydrocephalus

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17
Q

hydrocephalus: paired with degenerative disease, accompanied by normal intracranial pressure and is therefore also called a

A

normal-pressure hydrocephalus

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18
Q

60 yo patient, autopsy is showing lesion in ventricles (foramen of monro). diagnosis

A

non communicating type or obstructive type hydrocephalus

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19
Q

infancy and childhood, before the cranial sutures have fused, the head enlarges. leads to increased intracranial pressure with headache, confusion, etc

A

hydrocephalus in a newborn

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20
Q

brain may be forced out of one compartment into another

A

brain herniation

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21
Q

one hemisphere is forced under the falx, cingulate lobe is the first part of that hemisphere to be displaced

A

cingulate or subfalcine herniation

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22
Q

cingulate or subfalcine herniations may be associated with compression of branches of what artery

A

anterior cerebral artery

23
Q

ipsilateral oculomotor nerve is crushed by the displaced temporal lobe, leading to ipsilateral pupillary dilation and paresis of all extra ocular muscles

A

uncinate or transtentorial herniation

24
Q

medial displacement continues, the midbrain shifts away from the displaced hemisphere, leading to pressure affect on the contralateral cerebral pedicle

A

uncinate or transtentorial herniation

25
Q

brainstem and cerebellum may be forced through the foramen magnum; compressed cerebellar tonsils and medulla may lead to lethal compression of vital meduallary centers

A

cerebellar tonsillar herniation

26
Q

rounded lobules or the cerebellum to become herniated or to be moved or pressed away from their usual position inside of the skull downward through the large opening in the base of the skull (foramen magnum) into the spinal canal

A

chiari malformation

27
Q

which form of chiari malformation is the simplest and most prevalent

A

chiari malformation 1 (CM1)

28
Q

both hemispheres herniate transtentorially; causes dilation of the pupils, flaccidity and coma

A

central herniation

29
Q

accumulation of the excess fluid within the brain parenchyma

A

cerebral edema

30
Q

cerebral edema: water is driven across an intact blood brain barrier by osmotic forces; caused by failure of cells or systemic water overload

A

cytotoxic edema

31
Q

cerebral edema: most common cause of edema, seen with neoplasms, abscesses, meningitis, hemorrhage, contusions, and lead poisoning

A

vasogenic edema

32
Q

cerebral edema: interstitial edema involves overproduction so that the fluid seeps across the ependymal lining of the ventricles to accumulate within the white matter

A

interstitial edema

33
Q

middle cerebral artery distribution is most commonly affected, obstruction of local blood supply by thrombosis or emoblism

A

focal cerebral ischemia

34
Q

infracted tissue is infiltrated by macrophages, becomes grossly conspicuous and is called “laminar necrosis”

A

global cerebral ischemia (widespread neuronal death)

35
Q

10 to 3 weeks, tissue liquefies, eventually leaving a fluid filled cavity lined by dark gray tissue which gradually expands

A

cerebral infarction

36
Q

results from venous sinus thrombosis, grossly they are very hemorrhagic

A

venous infarction

37
Q

52 yo patient demonstrating a cystic lesion involving the lateral left frontal lobe

A

left frontal infarct (cystic lesion)

38
Q

ischemic changes in neurons are called

A

red neurons

39
Q

how does an infarct become cystic

A

phagocytosis of the necrotic, lipid rich tissue by macrophages, which migrate into the infarct during the final week (takes about 6 months)

40
Q

major risk factors for development of cerebral atherosclerosis

A

hypertension, smoking, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and aging

41
Q

50 yo male patient was found unconscious and vigorously resuscitated, generalized swelling and irregular discoloration of gray matter, features indicative of irreversible, widespread brain injury caused by total circulatory arrest

A

global hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy

42
Q

hypertensive cerbro vascular accident: filled with scattered lipid laden macrophages and surrounding gliosis

A

lacunar infarcts

43
Q

transient weakness and speech difficulty likely reflect brief episodes of vascular occlusion by small embolic fragments

A

transient ischemic attacks (occurs with patients with atherosclerotic stenosis)

44
Q

extravasation of blood with compression of adjacent parenchyma; causes are hypertensive hemorrhages

A

intraparenchymal hemorrhage

45
Q

hemorrhagic necrosis are mostly _____ in origin; seen in the _____ or _______

A

venous

superior sagittal sinus or deep cerebral veins

46
Q

rupture of ‘berry aneurysms” is most frequent cause of the ______, may be due to extension of traumatic hematoma

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

47
Q

what is the most common predisposing factor to spontaneous brain parenchymal hemorrhage

A

hypertension

48
Q

strokes due to ischemia/infarction

A
  1. large vessel atherosclerotic disease (non-hemorrhagic)
  2. embolic (hemorrhagic)
  3. hypertensive (hemorrhages and lacunars)
  4. vasospasm (second to subarachnoid hemorrhage)
  5. watershed infarct (hypertension or hypoxia)
  6. venous thrombosis
  7. TIA
49
Q

strokes due to hemorrhage

A
  1. hypertension (most common)

2. aneurysms like berry aneurysm or subarachnoid hemorrhage

50
Q

blow to the head with skull fracture

A

epidural hematoma

51
Q

significant cause of death after head injuries from falls, assaults, vehicle accidents, and sport injuries

A

subdural hematoma

52
Q

occurs in the boxing ring as the consequence of a blow that deflects the head upward and posteriorly or seen in football injuries

A

parenchymal injuries (concussion)

53
Q

when the brain strikes the irregular bony contours of the skull as a result of abrupt acceleration or deceleration

A

cerebral contusion or brain bruise

54
Q

penetrating traumatic brain injury: absence of direct damage to the vital brain centers, immediate threat to life is

A

hemorrhage

Pathology (3 decks)

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