Systems Deck Module 2 Flashcards
Module 2
Classification of Bones (5)
Bones classified by shape and size.
1) Long bones; Longer and Slender than they are wide. EX; Arm (humerus), Forearm (Ulna and Radius), Thigh (Femur), and Leg (Tibia and Fibula), MetaTarsals and Carpals.
2) Short bones; Small, Boxy (Cuboids), have multiple articulating surfaces. EX; Wrists (Carpals) and Ankles (Tarsals).
3) Flat bones; Broad or Thin, Parallel or Flat surface. EX; Chest (Sternum), Upper Back (Scapula), Ribcage (Ribs), Pelvis and Skull root.
4) Irregular bones; Oddly shaped, does not fit into a category, usually with rigid surfaces. EX; skull and spine (vertebrae).
5) Sesamoid bones (Floating bones shaped like sesame seeds); usually small and round, embedded in tendons and ligaments. EX; Knee (biggest) Patella, Hands, Feet, and Throat (Hyoid - Adam’s Apple)
Epiphysis
Ends of a long bone (Epiphyses, plural).
Epi for upon
Epiphyseal (2)
Plate; line shaped, hyaline cartilage near ends of bones (between porous bone); allows for growth
Line; when the growth is complete, that plate leaves a line behind.
Diaphysis
Cylindrical shaft of long bones, usually narrower than the epiphysis.
Dia for through
Metaphysis
Where Epiphysis and Diaphysis meet.
Medullary Cavity
The hollow space within the diaphysis (mid-bone). Red bone marrow within trabeculae (web like tissue within spongy part of the bone). Yellow bone marrow functions as fat storage (filling the bone).
Periosteum
The bones life-support, on the surface of the diaphysis. Dense, fibrous sheath containing blood vessels, nerves and osteoblast (bone building cells for growth and healing).
Peri for surround
Articular Cartilage
Covers the surface that is able to articulate with another; Made of hyaline (smooth) cartilage for movement within joints.
Interosseous membrane or ligament
Inter [Between] - Osseous [Bone]; Extensions of the periosteum that connect one bone to another (usually found on Radius and Ulna, Tibia and Fibula)
Haversian Canals
Blood cells are moved through blood vessels in and out of the bone through openings called ‘nutrient foramen’ CANAL RUNS LONGITUDINALLY
Volkmann’s Canals
Blood cells are moved through blood vessels in and out of the bone through openings called ‘nutrient foramen’ CANAL RUNS HORIZONTALLY
OsteoBlasts
‘B’ for Bone Building cells
OsteoClasts
C for Bone Crushing cells (destroy bone cells)
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells (or osteoblasts) become embedded in bone matrix.
Spongy Bone
Found closer to the center of the bones; allows for vasculature and innervation to the bone.
Compact Bone
Forms the periphery of all bones and a portion of the shaft of long bones; Provides structure.
Ossification
AKA Osteogenesis; Process of bone tissue development by osteoblasts that begins during fetal development and continues throughout adulthood (pre-existing connective tissue is replaced with osseous tissue)
Types of Ossification (2)
1) Intramembranous; Formation of bone from Membrane (found on rood and sides of skull
2) Intracartilaginous; Formation of bone from cartilage (found in bones of extremities like arms and legs)
Axial Skeleton
Bones located along the body’s central axis (skull and spine - 80 bones)
Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of shoulder and pelvic girdles and bones or upper and lower extremities; 126 bones.
Synarthroses (Def + 1 Example)
Joints that have extremely limited movement; common in the axial skeleton and include joints between cranial bones and joints that hold teeth into their sockets. [where movement is not wanted]
Amphiarthroses
Joints that are slightly movable such as joints etween the ribs and their cartilage, joints between vertebrae, and joints between two pubic bones. [like breathing, slightly movable]
Diarthroses
Freely movable joints such as knees, wrists, hips, and shoulders.
Function (4 functions found under physiology)
1) External mobility; Visible MOTION, changing the position of a specific body PART, and LOCOMOTION, moving the body as a whole from one place to another.
2) Internal motiliy; special movement or contraction done by smooth muscles (fibers). EX; gastrointestinal system moving food, bladder eliminating urine or uterus during menstruation, pregnancy or childbirth.
3) Heat Production; AKA Thermogenesis; Skeletal muscles are the most metabolically active structures that (muscles contract) produce body heat; maintain body temperature for example when cold this is rapid contraction of muscles to produce heat.
4) Posture maintenance; positions of body like standing or sitting, maintained by skeletal framework and muscle tone (continuous and partial muscle contraction even while at rest) and contributes to joint stability.
Cell to organ level list of the muscular system (5)
1) Myofilaments; Strands of actin and myosin within the Myofibril bundles
2) Myofibril; Slender fibers that contain repeating compartments called sarcomeres
3) Muscles fiber; Groups of myofibrils, make up the fasciculi bundles.
4) Fascicle; groups of muscle fibers
5) Muscles; Groups of fasciculi bound by connective tissue
Fascial layers of muscles (4)
Fascia; Sheets of connective tissue enclosing muscle and nerve cells; compartmentalizes muscle into muscle groups; provides attachment to bone
1) Endomysium; Wraps around muscle fiber
2) Perimysium; Covers Fasciculi
3) Epimysium; Wraps around entire muscle
4) Deep Fascia; Wraps around muscle groups
Tendon
Cord-like connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Aponeurosis
Broad, flat tendon that attaches muscle to bone, muscle to other muscle or muscle to superficial fascia beneath the skin.
Retinacula
Retaining bands for tendons (knees, ankles, elbows, wrists); connective tissue surrounding tendons to help keep them in place and stabilize them.
Muscle cell components (4)
1) Sarcolemma; The cell membrane, envelopes the cytoplasm and organelles
2) Sarcoplasm; cytoplasm or cell, intracellular fluid
3) T-tubules; channels within the sacrolemma; helps to spread nerve impulses
4) Sarcoplasmic Reticulum; Fluid-filled system of cavities that contain calcium ions (web like structures within the cell, between the T-tubules)
Sarcomere
Structural units of the muscle contraction; composed of myosin and actin filaments; repeated throughout the myofibrils; Z-line the ends; H-band the center only myosin; A-band the actin and myosin overlapping; I-band actin only.
Actin
Protein within Thin filaments; Z-line
Myosin
Protein within Thick filaments; motors the contraction of muslce
Tropomyosin & Troponin
Proteins that cover the binding sites along a strand of actin; Block attachment site when muscle is at rest. When sitres are uncovered by calcium ions, the myosin can attach to the actin to cause contraction; Actin slides past myosin to cause the whole sarcomere bundel to contract.
Properties of muscles cells (4)
1) Excitability; Ability of the muscle to respond to a stimuli usually motor neuron
2) Contractility; Ability of the muscle fibers to shorten
3) Extensibility; Ability of the muscle fiber to lengthen
4) Elasticity; Ability of muscle fibers to return to their original shape after movement
Adenosine Triphosphate
Main source of energy for muscle contraction; Stored energy is released when myosin binds to actin.
Neuromuscular Junction
The motor neuron connects to the sarcolemma of a myofibril at this junction; point where a motor neuron excites the sarcolemma of a muscle and initiates contraction.
Acetylcholine
In synaptic vesicles within the motor neuron contain principle neurotransmitters involved in muscle contraction.
All or none response [or law]
When an individual muscle fiber receives a stimulus to contract, it will contract to its fullest ability or will not contract at all.
Recruitment
Process of motor unit activation based on need.
Slow twitch muscles [Red muscles]
Muscles that contract more slowly, for longer periods of time, and are more fatigue-resistant; good blood supply, produce ATP fast enough to meet needs.
Fast twitch muscles [White muscles]
Muscles that contract more quickly, for shorter periods of time, and fatigue faster; contain little myoglobin.
Parts of a muscle (3)
1) Origin; the attachments on the less movable bone or bone that remains inactive during contraction.
2) Belly; To generate movement, sarcomeres in the wide central portion bulk of the muscle, or muscle belly, change the length of the muscle and cause tendons to move bones at their associated joints
3) Insertion; the attachments on the bone that move during contraction; usually more lateral or distal compared to origins.
Tendons in between
Muscles Classification by joint (3)
1) Uniarticular; muscle crossing one joint
2) Biarticular; muscle crossing two joints
3) Multiarticular; muscle crossing more than two joints
Muscles fiber arrangement (6 plus example of each)
1) Parallel
2) Convergent
3) Fusiform [Biceps]
4) Circular [Mouth/Eyes]
5) Unipennate
6) Bipennate [Gastrocnemius]
Agonist
AKA Prime mover; Muscle causing specific action, wanted action
Antagonist
Muscle opposing a specific or wanted action
Synergist
Muscle aiding by causing same movement as the agonist; Muscle that faciliates movement caused by prime movers by performing the same movement at the same time.
Fixator
Muscles that act like a specialized synergists to stabilize joints or help maintain posture so prime movers can exert their action; AKA stabilizers.
Reciprocal inhibition
While a muscle spindle is reflexively contracting a stretched muscle, motor activity is inhibited in its antagonist or opposing muscle, so contraction can occur; When the agonist contracts, the antagonist is inhibited and simultaneously relaxes.
Isotonic (2)
AKA Dynamic; Muscle whose lengths remain the same as they generate force; movement does not occur.
Two types
1) Concentric; contraction of muscle shortening
2) Eccentric; contraction of muscle lengthening
Isometric
AKA Static; Muscle generating force, which causes muscle length to change; Can become shorter or longer depending on the action.
