Systems Deck Module 2

Question 1

Classification of Bones (5)

Answer 1

Bones classified by shape and size.
1) Long bones; Longer and Slender than they are wide. EX; Arm (humerus), Forearm (Ulna and Radius), Thigh (Femur), and Leg (Tibia and Fibula), MetaTarsals and Carpals.
2) Short bones; Small, Boxy (Cuboids), have multiple articulating surfaces. EX; Wrists (Carpals) and Ankles (Tarsals).
3) Flat bones; Broad or Thin, Parallel or Flat surface. EX; Chest (Sternum), Upper Back (Scapula), Ribcage (Ribs), Pelvis and Skull root.
4) Irregular bones; Oddly shaped, does not fit into a category, usually with rigid surfaces. EX; skull and spine (vertebrae).
5) Sesamoid bones (Floating bones shaped like sesame seeds); usually small and round, embedded in tendons and ligaments. EX; Knee (biggest) Patella, Hands, Feet, and Throat (Hyoid - Adam’s Apple)

Question 2

Epiphysis

Answer 2

Ends of a long bone (Epiphyses, plural).
Epi for upon

Question 3

Epiphyseal (2)

Answer 3

Plate; line shaped, hyaline cartilage near ends of bones (between porous bone); allows for growth
Line; when the growth is complete, that plate leaves a line behind.

Question 4

Diaphysis

Answer 4

Cylindrical shaft of long bones, usually narrower than the epiphysis.
Dia for through

Question 5

Metaphysis

Answer 5

Where Epiphysis and Diaphysis meet.

Question 6

Medullary Cavity

Answer 6

The hollow space within the diaphysis (mid-bone). Red bone marrow within trabeculae (web like tissue within spongy part of the bone). Yellow bone marrow functions as fat storage (filling the bone).

Question 7

Periosteum

Answer 7

The bones life-support, on the surface of the diaphysis. Dense, fibrous sheath containing blood vessels, nerves and osteoblast (bone building cells for growth and healing).
Peri for surround

Question 8

Articular Cartilage

Answer 8

Covers the surface that is able to articulate with another; Made of hyaline (smooth) cartilage for movement within joints.

Question 9

Interosseous membrane or ligament

Answer 9

Inter [Between] - Osseous [Bone]; Extensions of the periosteum that connect one bone to another (usually found on Radius and Ulna, Tibia and Fibula)

Question 10

Haversian Canals

Answer 10

Blood cells are moved through blood vessels in and out of the bone through openings called ‘nutrient foramen’ CANAL RUNS LONGITUDINALLY

Question 11

Volkmann’s Canals

Answer 11

Blood cells are moved through blood vessels in and out of the bone through openings called ‘nutrient foramen’ CANAL RUNS HORIZONTALLY

Question 12

OsteoBlasts

Answer 12

‘B’ for Bone Building cells

Question 13

OsteoClasts

Answer 13

C for Bone Crushing cells (destroy bone cells)

Question 14

Osteocytes

Answer 14

Mature bone cells (or osteoblasts) become embedded in bone matrix.

Question 15

Spongy Bone

Answer 15

Found closer to the center of the bones; allows for vasculature and innervation to the bone.

Question 16

Compact Bone

Answer 16

Forms the periphery of all bones and a portion of the shaft of long bones; Provides structure.

Question 17

Ossification

Answer 17

AKA Osteogenesis; Process of bone tissue development by osteoblasts that begins during fetal development and continues throughout adulthood (pre-existing connective tissue is replaced with osseous tissue)

Question 18

Types of Ossification (2)

Answer 18

1) Intramembranous; Formation of bone from Membrane (found on rood and sides of skull
2) Intracartilaginous; Formation of bone from cartilage (found in bones of extremities like arms and legs)

Question 19

Axial Skeleton

Answer 19

Bones located along the body’s central axis (skull and spine - 80 bones)

Question 20

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 20

Bones of shoulder and pelvic girdles and bones or upper and lower extremities; 126 bones.

Question 21

Synarthroses (Def + 1 Example)

Answer 21

Joints that have extremely limited movement; common in the axial skeleton and include joints between cranial bones and joints that hold teeth into their sockets. [where movement is not wanted]

Question 22

Amphiarthroses

Answer 22

Joints that are slightly movable such as joints etween the ribs and their cartilage, joints between vertebrae, and joints between two pubic bones. [like breathing, slightly movable]

Question 23

Diarthroses

Answer 23

Freely movable joints such as knees, wrists, hips, and shoulders.

Question 24

Function (4 functions found under physiology)

Answer 24

1) External mobility; Visible MOTION, changing the position of a specific body PART, and LOCOMOTION, moving the body as a whole from one place to another.
2) Internal motiliy; special movement or contraction done by smooth muscles (fibers). EX; gastrointestinal system moving food, bladder eliminating urine or uterus during menstruation, pregnancy or childbirth.
3) Heat Production; AKA Thermogenesis; Skeletal muscles are the most metabolically active structures that (muscles contract) produce body heat; maintain body temperature for example when cold this is rapid contraction of muscles to produce heat.
4) Posture maintenance; positions of body like standing or sitting, maintained by skeletal framework and muscle tone (continuous and partial muscle contraction even while at rest) and contributes to joint stability.

Question 25

Cell to organ level list of the muscular system (5)

Answer 25

1) Myofilaments; Strands of actin and myosin within the Myofibril bundles
2) Myofibril; Slender fibers that contain repeating compartments called sarcomeres
3) Muscles fiber; Groups of myofibrils, make up the fasciculi bundles.
4) Fascicle; groups of muscle fibers
5) Muscles; Groups of fasciculi bound by connective tissue

Question 26

Fascial layers of muscles (4)

Answer 26

Fascia; Sheets of connective tissue enclosing muscle and nerve cells; compartmentalizes muscle into muscle groups; provides attachment to bone
1) Endomysium; Wraps around muscle fiber
2) Perimysium; Covers Fasciculi
3) Epimysium; Wraps around entire muscle
4) Deep Fascia; Wraps around muscle groups

Question 27

Tendon

Answer 27

Cord-like connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

Question 28

Aponeurosis

Answer 28

Broad, flat tendon that attaches muscle to bone, muscle to other muscle or muscle to superficial fascia beneath the skin.

Question 29

Retinacula

Answer 29

Retaining bands for tendons (knees, ankles, elbows, wrists); connective tissue surrounding tendons to help keep them in place and stabilize them.

Question 30

Muscle cell components (4)

Answer 30

1) Sarcolemma; The cell membrane, envelopes the cytoplasm and organelles
2) Sarcoplasm; cytoplasm or cell, intracellular fluid
3) T-tubules; channels within the sacrolemma; helps to spread nerve impulses
4) Sarcoplasmic Reticulum; Fluid-filled system of cavities that contain calcium ions (web like structures within the cell, between the T-tubules)

Question 31

Sarcomere

Answer 31

Structural units of the muscle contraction; composed of myosin and actin filaments; repeated throughout the myofibrils; Z-line the ends; H-band the center only myosin; A-band the actin and myosin overlapping; I-band actin only.

Question 32

Actin

Answer 32

Protein within Thin filaments; Z-line

Question 33

Myosin

Answer 33

Protein within Thick filaments; motors the contraction of muslce

Question 34

Tropomyosin & Troponin

Answer 34

Proteins that cover the binding sites along a strand of actin; Block attachment site when muscle is at rest. When sitres are uncovered by calcium ions, the myosin can attach to the actin to cause contraction; Actin slides past myosin to cause the whole sarcomere bundel to contract.

Question 35

Properties of muscles cells (4)

Answer 35

1) Excitability; Ability of the muscle to respond to a stimuli usually motor neuron
2) Contractility; Ability of the muscle fibers to shorten
3) Extensibility; Ability of the muscle fiber to lengthen
4) Elasticity; Ability of muscle fibers to return to their original shape after movement

Question 36

Adenosine Triphosphate

Answer 36

Main source of energy for muscle contraction; Stored energy is released when myosin binds to actin.

Question 37

Neuromuscular Junction

Answer 37

The motor neuron connects to the sarcolemma of a myofibril at this junction; point where a motor neuron excites the sarcolemma of a muscle and initiates contraction.

Question 38

Acetylcholine

Answer 38

In synaptic vesicles within the motor neuron contain principle neurotransmitters involved in muscle contraction.

Question 39

All or none response [or law]

Answer 39

When an individual muscle fiber receives a stimulus to contract, it will contract to its fullest ability or will not contract at all.

Question 40

Recruitment

Answer 40

Process of motor unit activation based on need.

Question 41

Slow twitch muscles [Red muscles]

Answer 41

Muscles that contract more slowly, for longer periods of time, and are more fatigue-resistant; good blood supply, produce ATP fast enough to meet needs.

Question 42

Fast twitch muscles [White muscles]

Answer 42

Muscles that contract more quickly, for shorter periods of time, and fatigue faster; contain little myoglobin.

Question 43

Parts of a muscle (3)

Answer 43

1) Origin; the attachments on the less movable bone or bone that remains inactive during contraction.
2) Belly; To generate movement, sarcomeres in the wide central portion bulk of the muscle, or muscle belly, change the length of the muscle and cause tendons to move bones at their associated joints
3) Insertion; the attachments on the bone that move during contraction; usually more lateral or distal compared to origins.
Tendons in between

Question 44

Muscles Classification by joint (3)

Answer 44

1) Uniarticular; muscle crossing one joint
2) Biarticular; muscle crossing two joints
3) Multiarticular; muscle crossing more than two joints

Question 45

Muscles fiber arrangement (6 plus example of each)

Answer 45

1) Parallel
2) Convergent
3) Fusiform [Biceps]
4) Circular [Mouth/Eyes]
5) Unipennate
6) Bipennate [Gastrocnemius]

Question 46

Agonist

Answer 46

AKA Prime mover; Muscle causing specific action, wanted action

Question 47

Antagonist

Answer 47

Muscle opposing a specific or wanted action

Question 48

Synergist

Answer 48

Muscle aiding by causing same movement as the agonist; Muscle that faciliates movement caused by prime movers by performing the same movement at the same time.

Question 49

Fixator

Answer 49

Muscles that act like a specialized synergists to stabilize joints or help maintain posture so prime movers can exert their action; AKA stabilizers.

Question 50

Reciprocal inhibition

Answer 50

While a muscle spindle is reflexively contracting a stretched muscle, motor activity is inhibited in its antagonist or opposing muscle, so contraction can occur; When the agonist contracts, the antagonist is inhibited and simultaneously relaxes.

Question 51

Isotonic (2)

Answer 51

AKA Dynamic; Muscle whose lengths remain the same as they generate force; movement does not occur.
Two types
1) Concentric; contraction of muscle shortening
2) Eccentric; contraction of muscle lengthening

Question 52

Isometric

Answer 52

AKA Static; Muscle generating force, which causes muscle length to change; Can become shorter or longer depending on the action.