Body Systems Module 1 Flashcards
Module 1
Nucleus
Cell structure that contains clusters of proteins, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which helps from chromosomes or our genetic code, and directs most metabolic activities, including growth and reproduction.
Cytoplasm
Intracellular gel-like fluid within cells.
Cell membrane
The membrane that seperates intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid; membrane is semipermeable and allows some materials to pass freely and blocks passage of others.
Cell organelles
Structures within cells, and can function in reproduction, material storage, or metabolizing nutrients.
Connective tissue
Tissue that connects, supports, transports, and defends; it connects tissues to each other like muscles to muscles, muscles to bones, bones to bones; it forms a supporting mesh framework for organs and glands, and for the body as a whole, and helps transport nutrients and wastes, as well as providing defensive functions such as blood clotting and immune responses. Membrane: composed solely of connective tissues such as synovial and meningeal membranes.
Epithelial tissue
Tissue that lines or covers external and internal body structures, lines open body cavities such as digestive, repiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts, as well as closed body cavities such as heart and abdomen.
Muscle Tissue
Tissue type that possesses properties of excitability or ability to respond to a stimulus; when stimulated, muscle tissue has the ability to contract or shorten; when relaxed, muscle can extend or stretch and lengthen, and is quite elastic and returns to its original shape after movement; types are smooth, skeletal and cardiac.
Nervous Tissue
Tissue type that possesses characteristics of excitability and conductibility; located in the brain, spinal cord, and within nerves.
Sagittal Plane
Plane that bisects the body from front to back and divides it into right and left sections.
Transverse Plane
Plane that bisects the body and divides it into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) sections
Frontal Plane
Plane that bisects the body side to side and divides it itno front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections
Body Cavities
A hollow space or compartment that can house organs and other structures; Dorsal (Cranial or brain and Spinal cord) and Ventral (Thoracic or lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea and Abdominopelvic or abs and pelvis)
Anatomical structure position
Standard posture in which body stands upright and faces forward, arms at sides, palms face forward with thumbs to side; feet-hip distance apart with toes pointing forward.
Anatomy Definition
The study of the structures of the human body and their positional relationships to one another.
Physiology Definition
The study of how the body and its individual parts function in normal body processes.
Homeostasis
The constant and stable internal environment within a narrow range despite changes that occur in the external environment.
Metabolism
Biochemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life.
Functions/ Physiology of the Integumentary System
ANATOMY; (Hair, Nails, Oil glands, Skin, Sweat glands) A piece of skin the size of a quarter contains more than 3 million cells, 100 sweat glands, 50 nerve
endings, and 3 feet of blood vessels.
PHYSIOLOGY; PROTECTION; Physical, biological, and chemical barrier; Protects from infection, UV radiation; Waterproofs
ABSORPTION; Absorbs fat, fat-soluble vitamins, salts; Medicated transdermal patches are based on skin absorption property; The epidermis can absorb fat-soluble substances; Only substances that are soluble in both lipids and water can penetrate both the epidermis and
dermis.
SENSATION; Pressure, pain, temperature, touch
BODY TEMP; Blood circulation through skin is a major component of temperature regulation, Evaporation of sweat helps cool body
WASTE ELIMINATION; Perspiration is 98% water and 2% solids
VITAMIN D SYNTHESIS; Sunlight converts precursor molecules to active vitamin D for calcium and phosphorus absorption
IMMUNITY; Specialized cells in the skin attach to and destroy pathogens
Epidermis
Thin, outer region of skin composed of epithelial tissue
Epidermal layers
Epidermis; thin outer region of the skin composed of epithelial tissue.
Group of STRATUM (layers of the epidermis - epidermal - from deep to superficial);
1) Basale; basement, growth layer where cells are developed
2) Spinosum; spiny projections that connect to the other layer
3) Granulosum; keratinization occurs
4) Lucidum; translucent layer of thick skin present in palms and soles
5) Corneum; the “horny layer”, tough like animal horns, outer most skin layer
Dermis
Thicker inner region of skin; contains blood vessels, sensory nerve receptors, hair follicles, muscles, skin glands, and connective tissue.
Arrector Pilli Muscles
Muscles attached to hair follicles that contract to pull hair upright.
Sudoriferous Glands
Skin glands that produce sweat or perspiration; also called sweat glands.
Sebaceous Glands
Skin glands connected to hair follicles by small ducts that produce sebum; also called oil glands.
Ceruminous Glands
Specialized sudoriferous glands that produce cerumen or earwax; these glands are found in the ear canal.
Specialized receptor (list with one point each of what the receptor detects)
Skin Receptors; can be classified as;
Free nerve ending; have no covering, simplest most common receptors
1) Merkel (Tactile) Disks; detect light pressure
2) Nociceptors; detect damage, sensitivity, pain
3) Hair Root Plexus (Hair Follicle Receptors); respond to hair movement
Encapsulated nerve ending; have capsules at their terminal end (most mechanical)
1) Meissner (Tactile) Corpuscle; detect light pressure
2) Krause (Bulboid) Corpuscle; detect deep pressure, cold temp, or low vibrations
3) Ruffini (Bulbous) Corpuscle; detect deep pressure, skin stretching and warmth
4) Pacini (Lamellar) Corpuscle; detect sudden disturbances
Keratinocytes
Cells that produce keratin, a tough fibrous protein that protects skin; keratinocytes secrete a lipid substance that forms a waterproof barrier between cells.
Melanocytes
Cells that produce melanin or pigment, which contribute to skin color; melanin also serves as a semi-protective shield from the damaging effects of sunlight.
