Body Systems Module 1

Question 1

Nucleus

Answer 1

Cell structure that contains clusters of proteins, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and ribonucleic acid (RNA), which helps from chromosomes or our genetic code, and directs most metabolic activities, including growth and reproduction.

Question 2

Cytoplasm

Answer 2

Intracellular gel-like fluid within cells.

Question 3

Cell membrane

Answer 3

The membrane that seperates intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid; membrane is semipermeable and allows some materials to pass freely and blocks passage of others.

Question 4

Cell organelles

Answer 4

Structures within cells, and can function in reproduction, material storage, or metabolizing nutrients.

Question 5

Connective tissue

Answer 5

Tissue that connects, supports, transports, and defends; it connects tissues to each other like muscles to muscles, muscles to bones, bones to bones; it forms a supporting mesh framework for organs and glands, and for the body as a whole, and helps transport nutrients and wastes, as well as providing defensive functions such as blood clotting and immune responses. Membrane: composed solely of connective tissues such as synovial and meningeal membranes.

Question 6

Epithelial tissue

Answer 6

Tissue that lines or covers external and internal body structures, lines open body cavities such as digestive, repiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts, as well as closed body cavities such as heart and abdomen.

Question 7

Muscle Tissue

Answer 7

Tissue type that possesses properties of excitability or ability to respond to a stimulus; when stimulated, muscle tissue has the ability to contract or shorten; when relaxed, muscle can extend or stretch and lengthen, and is quite elastic and returns to its original shape after movement; types are smooth, skeletal and cardiac.

Question 8

Nervous Tissue

Answer 8

Tissue type that possesses characteristics of excitability and conductibility; located in the brain, spinal cord, and within nerves.

Question 9

Sagittal Plane

Answer 9

Plane that bisects the body from front to back and divides it into right and left sections.

Question 10

Transverse Plane

Answer 10

Plane that bisects the body and divides it into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) sections

Question 11

Frontal Plane

Answer 11

Plane that bisects the body side to side and divides it itno front (anterior) and back (posterior) sections

Question 12

Body Cavities

Answer 12

A hollow space or compartment that can house organs and other structures; Dorsal (Cranial or brain and Spinal cord) and Ventral (Thoracic or lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea and Abdominopelvic or abs and pelvis)

Question 13

Anatomical structure position

Answer 13

Standard posture in which body stands upright and faces forward, arms at sides, palms face forward with thumbs to side; feet-hip distance apart with toes pointing forward.

Question 14

Anatomy Definition

Answer 14

The study of the structures of the human body and their positional relationships to one another.

Question 15

Physiology Definition

Answer 15

The study of how the body and its individual parts function in normal body processes.

Question 16

Homeostasis

Answer 16

The constant and stable internal environment within a narrow range despite changes that occur in the external environment.

Question 17

Metabolism

Answer 17

Biochemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life.

Question 18

Functions/ Physiology of the Integumentary System

Answer 18

ANATOMY; (Hair, Nails, Oil glands, Skin, Sweat glands) A piece of skin the size of a quarter contains more than 3 million cells, 100 sweat glands, 50 nerve
endings, and 3 feet of blood vessels.
PHYSIOLOGY; PROTECTION; Physical, biological, and chemical barrier; Protects from infection, UV radiation; Waterproofs
ABSORPTION; Absorbs fat, fat-soluble vitamins, salts; Medicated transdermal patches are based on skin absorption property; The epidermis can absorb fat-soluble substances; Only substances that are soluble in both lipids and water can penetrate both the epidermis and
dermis.
SENSATION; Pressure, pain, temperature, touch
BODY TEMP; Blood circulation through skin is a major component of temperature regulation, Evaporation of sweat helps cool body
WASTE ELIMINATION; Perspiration is 98% water and 2% solids
VITAMIN D SYNTHESIS; Sunlight converts precursor molecules to active vitamin D for calcium and phosphorus absorption
IMMUNITY; Specialized cells in the skin attach to and destroy pathogens

Question 19

Epidermis

Answer 19

Thin, outer region of skin composed of epithelial tissue

Question 20

Epidermal layers

Answer 20

Epidermis; thin outer region of the skin composed of epithelial tissue.
Group of STRATUM (layers of the epidermis - epidermal - from deep to superficial);
1) Basale; basement, growth layer where cells are developed
2) Spinosum; spiny projections that connect to the other layer
3) Granulosum; keratinization occurs
4) Lucidum; translucent layer of thick skin present in palms and soles
5) Corneum; the “horny layer”, tough like animal horns, outer most skin layer

Question 21

Dermis

Answer 21

Thicker inner region of skin; contains blood vessels, sensory nerve receptors, hair follicles, muscles, skin glands, and connective tissue.

Question 22

Arrector Pilli Muscles

Answer 22

Muscles attached to hair follicles that contract to pull hair upright.

Question 23

Sudoriferous Glands

Answer 23

Skin glands that produce sweat or perspiration; also called sweat glands.

Question 24

Sebaceous Glands

Answer 24

Skin glands connected to hair follicles by small ducts that produce sebum; also called oil glands.

Question 25

Ceruminous Glands

Answer 25

Specialized sudoriferous glands that produce cerumen or earwax; these glands are found in the ear canal.

Question 26

Specialized receptor (list with one point each of what the receptor detects)

Answer 26

Skin Receptors; can be classified as;
Free nerve ending; have no covering, simplest most common receptors
1) Merkel (Tactile) Disks; detect light pressure
2) Nociceptors; detect damage, sensitivity, pain
3) Hair Root Plexus (Hair Follicle Receptors); respond to hair movement
Encapsulated nerve ending; have capsules at their terminal end (most mechanical)
1) Meissner (Tactile) Corpuscle; detect light pressure
2) Krause (Bulboid) Corpuscle; detect deep pressure, cold temp, or low vibrations
3) Ruffini (Bulbous) Corpuscle; detect deep pressure, skin stretching and warmth
4) Pacini (Lamellar) Corpuscle; detect sudden disturbances

Question 27

Keratinocytes

Answer 27

Cells that produce keratin, a tough fibrous protein that protects skin; keratinocytes secrete a lipid substance that forms a waterproof barrier between cells.

Question 28

Melanocytes

Answer 28

Cells that produce melanin or pigment, which contribute to skin color; melanin also serves as a semi-protective shield from the damaging effects of sunlight.