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Systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

central nervous system

A

the part of the nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

made up of sensory and motor neurons. It connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body, and detects and responds to change.

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3
Q

Neurons

A

Nerve cells.

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4
Q

Nerves

A

A bundle of neurons

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5
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

a nerve cell in the sense organs. It detects change in the environment and sends a message to the central nervous system.

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6
Q

Interneurons

A

a nerve cell that carries nervous impulses through the central nervous system. They provide the link between sensory neurons and motor neurons.

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7
Q

Motor neurons

A

the nerve cell that causes an organ, such as a muscle or gland, to respond to a stimulus

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8
Q

Nucleus

A

central part of an atom, made up of protons and neutrons; roundish structure inside a cell that acts as the control centre for the cell

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9
Q

Organelles

A

small structure in a cell with a special function

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10
Q

Cytosol

A

The fluid found inside cells.

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11
Q

Cell membrane

A

structure that encloses the contents of a cell and allows the movement of some materials in and out

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12
Q

Cell body

A

contains the nucleus of a neuron, also called grey matter

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13
Q

Dendrites

A

structure that relays information towards the cell body of a neuron

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14
Q

Axon

A

an appendage of the neuron that nervous impulses travel along to the next neuron or to an effector organ (muscle or gland)

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15
Q

Myelin

A

a fatty, white substance that encases the axons (connecting branches) of the neurons in the nervous system

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16
Q

Synapse

A

the gap between adjoining neurons across which electrical nervous impulses are sent

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17
Q

Vesicles

A

a small cavity, usually filled with fluid

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18
Q

Neurontransmitters

A

chemical released from the axon terminals into the synapse between your nerve cells (neurons) during a nerve impulse

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19
Q

Effector

A

An organ that responds to a stimulus

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20
Q

Reflex arc

A

a nervous pathway involving a small number of neurons. A reflex occurs when nervous impulses travel from the receptor to the spinal cord and then to the effector organ.

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21
Q

Multicellular organism

A

An organism that is composed of many cells. Most plants and animals are multicellular.

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22
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a relatively constant internal physiological environment of the body or part of the body (e.g blood glucose level, pH, body temperature) in varying external conditions.

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23
Q

Stimulus -response model

A

a system in which any changes or variations (stimuli) in the internal environments are detected (by receptors); if a response is required, this is communicated to effectors to bring about some type of change or correction so the conditions can be brought back to normal.

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24
Q

Negative feedback

A

a response that reduces the original stimulus.

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25
Q

Glucose

A

A simple carbohydrate and the simplest form of sugar.

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26
Q

Pancreas

A

A large gland in the body that produces and secretes the hormone insulin and an important digestive fluid containing enzymes.

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27
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone that removes glucose from the blood and stores it as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

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28
Q

Glycogen

A

The main storage carbohydrate in animals, converted from glucose by the liver and stored in the liver and muscle tissue.

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29
Q

Positive feedback

A

A reaction in which the response is the same direction as the stimulus-for example, during childbirth the onset of contractions activates the release of the hormones oxytocin, which stimulates further contractions.

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30
Q

Oxytocin

A

Hormone secreted from the pituitary glands that assists in the formation of bonds between mothers and their babies, and perhaps between people in close relationships

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31
Q

Nervous system

A

The system of nerves and nerve centres in an animal in which messages are sent as an electrical and then a chemical impulse. It comprises the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

32
Q

Endocrine system

A

The body system of glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream in order to regulate processes in various organs.

33
Q

Signalling molecules

A

A chemical involved in transmitting information between cells.

34
Q

Central nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system composed of the brain and spinal cord.

35
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Made up of sensory and motor neurons. It connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body, and detects and responds to change.

36
Q

Sensory neurons

A

A nerve cell in the sense organs. It detects change in the environment and sends a message to the central nervous system.

37
Q

Motor neuron

A

The nerve cell that causes an organ such as a muscle gland, to respond to a stimulus

38
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical released from the axon terminals into the synapse between your nerve cells (neurons) during a nerve impulse.

39
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Organs that produce hormones. Endocrine glands release their hormones into the bloodstream for tranport to target organs.

40
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical substances produced by glands and circulated in the blood. Hormones have specific effects in the body.

41
Q

Thermoregulation

A

The control of body temperature

42
Q

Thermostat

A

A device that establishes and maintains a desired temperature automatically.

43
Q
A
45
Q

NEW

A

NEW

47
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells.

48
Q

Leucocytes

A

White blood cells

49
Q

Plasma

A

The yellowish, liquid part of blood that contains water, minerals, food and waste from cells.

50
Q

Red blood cells

A

Living cells in the blood that transport oxygen to all other living cells in the body.

51
Q

Haemoglobin

A

The red pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

52
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin

A

Haemoglobin with oxygen molecules attached.

53
Q

White blood cells

A

Living cells that fight bacteria and viruses as part of the human body’s immune system

54
Q

Platelets

A

Small bodies involved in blood clotting. They are responsible for healing by clumping together around a wound.

55
Q

Circulatory system

A

The body system that circulates oxygen in blood to all the cells of the body. The circulatory system consists of the heart, the blood vessels and blood.

56
Q

Arteries

A

Hollow tubes with think walls carrying blood pumped from the heart to other body parts.

57
Q

Veins

A

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart They have valves and thinner walls than arteries

58
Q

Capillaries

A

Minute tubes carrying blood to body cells. Every cell of the body is supplied with blood through capillaries.

59
Q

Oxygenated blood

A

Describes the bright red blood that has been supplied with oxygen in the lungs.

60
Q

vena cava

A

Large vein leading into the top right chamber of the heart.

61
Q

Left atrium

A

Upper left section of the heart where oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the heart.

62
Q

Right atrium

A

Upper right section of the heart where deoxygenated blood from the body enters.

63
Q

Valves

A

Flap like folds in the lining of a blood vessel or other hollow organ that allow a liquid, such as blood, to flow in one direction only.

64
Q

Lub dub

A

The sound made by the heart valves as they close.

65
Q

Blood pressure

A

Measures how strongly the the blood is pumped through the body’s main arteries.

66
Q

Systolic pressure

A

The higher blood pressure reading during contractions of the heart muscles.

67
Q

diastolic pressure

A

The lower blood pressure reading during reaction of the hear muscle.

68
Q

Heart bear

A

Contraction of the heart muscle occurring about 60-100 times per minute.

69
Q

Pulse

A

Alternating contractions and expansion of arteries due to the pumping of blood by the heart.

70
Q

Pacemaker

A

Electronic device inserted in the chest to keep the heart beating regularly at the correct rate. it works by stimulating the heart with tiny electrical impulses.

71
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Special kind of muscle in the heart that never tires. it is involved in pumping blood through the heart.

72
Q

Antigens

A

Substance that stimulates the production of antibodies.

73
Q

Inflammation

A

a reaction of the body to an infection, commonly characterised by heat, redness, swelling and pain.

74
Q

Lymphatic system

A

The body system containing the lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymph and white blood cells that is involved in draining fluid from the tissues and helping defend the body against invasion by disease causing agents.

75
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Small, mononuclear white blood cells present in large numbers in lymphoid tissues and circulating blood and lymph. They combat microbial invasion, fight cancer and neutralise toxic chemicals.

76
Q

B lymphocytes

A

A type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies that assist in the destruction of invading pathogens; also know as plasma cells.

77
Q

T lymphocytes

A

A type of lymphocyte that destroys invading pathogens by attacking them.

78
Q

Memory cells

A

Cells that may be formed from lymphocytes after infection with a pathogen - They ‘remember each specific pathogen encountered and are able to mount a strong and rapid response if that pathogen is detected again.

Science (5 decks)

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