Systems Flashcards
What are the conditions that certificated Vmc? 23.149
SMACFUM
Vmc certification requirements 23.149
S - Standard day at sea level
M - Max power w/ one engine opertating
A - Aft CG
C - Critical engine windmilling
F - Flaps up/gear up
U - Up to 5° bank
M - Most unfavorable weight
S - Standard day at sea level
air is more dense, allowing for engine to perform better, increasing thrust, causing a greater force toward the dead engine, requiring more rudder to overcome that force.
(BAD for VMC)
M - Max power w/ one engine opertating
Max power means more performance & more yaw towards inoperative engine. This requires more rudder input, to counteract yaw. This increases VMC, which is bad b/c we want to maintain control at lowest speeds
(BAD for VMC)
A - Aft CG
Aft CG means less arm, less arm means less leverage for rudder to counteract yaw. Less rudder authority means VMC increases.
(BAD for VMC)
C - Critical engine windmilling
Critical engine windmilling causes more drag than if it was feathered. More drag on the inoperative engine means more yaw toward the inop engine. Therefore more rudder is needed to counteract this yaw. Therefore VMC increases
(BAD for VMC)
F - Flaps up/gear up
Flaps up/Gear up means less drag, which you would think is good for VMC, but really it is bad for VMC. Flaps help stabilize a/c and reduce stalling speeds. Gear down gives the a/c a
“keel effect”, which helps keep it straight, just like a kayak in the water. Therefore flaps up & gear up negatively affects our vmc speed
(BAD for VMC)
U - Up to 5° bank
provides a zero side slip condition, a/c creates less drag when banked into the operative engine.
(split the ball and bank 5° into operating engine). This brings VMC down which is GOOD
(GOOD for VMC)
M - Most unfavorable weight
Vmc increases as weight decreases, therefore the lightest legal weight is unfavorable.
(BAD for VMC)
What is the critical engine?
the engine that if failed, would cause the most trouble to the pilot. The engine that if failed, adversely affects the aircraft the most. For a conventional twin, the LEFT is the most critical.
What is the critical engine for the C-130H?
The furthest LEFT engine
PAST: Understanding which engine is critical and understand which engine creates the most adverse effect and why.
P - P factor (yaw)
A - Accelerated Slipstream (roll)
S - Spiraling Slipstream (yaw)
T - Torque (roll)
P - P factor
failure of the left engine will cause MORE loss of directional control, than the loss of the right engine b/c of the LONGER ARM of the right (operative) engines arm’s thrust causing a/c to yaw.
A - Accelerated Slipstream
propwash from the descending blade going over the wing results in lift, causing a/c to roll; bigger roll from right engine.
S - Spiraling Slipstream (yaw)
Descending blade causes more thrustin turn causing LOW PRESSURE,
Ascending blade causes high pressure; High pressure always wants to go to low pressure.
Spiraling slipstream goes towards the right b/c high to low pressure.
Spiraling slipstream on the left engine contacts the rudder which gives us more rudder authority,
counteracting yaw towards inoperative engine.
T - Torque (roll)
Newton’s third law: for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
If the right engine fails, this left roll tendency will help us maintain control and resist the roll towards the right, inoperative engine, caused by asymmetric thrust. If the left engine fails, the left roll tendency by torque will add to the left turning force caused by asymmetric thrust into the inoperative engine. This makes it much more difficult to maintain directional control, making the left engine the critical engine.
PA 44-180 Seminole Engine (LHAND)
L - Lycoming (O-360, 4 cylinder, 360 cubic inch)
H - Horizontally opposed (pistons oppose each other)
A - Air cooled
N - Normally Aspirated (No turbo or supercharger)
D - Direct Drive (crank shaft connected directly to the propeller)
When does Carburetor Icing occur?
1) Visible moisture (clouds)
2) -5° to 20° C or (20° to 70° F)
What causes carburetor icing and what is the solution?
Cause = high air velocity through the venturi and the absorption of the heat from this air by vaporization of the fuel
Solution = turn on carburetor heat and adjust mixture for maximum smoothness