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Biology > Systems 1 > Flashcards

Systems 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mechanical vs chemical

A

Mechanical physically breaks stuff down ( eg. teeth )
Chemical chemically breaks stuff down ( eg. saliva, stomach acid )

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2
Q

Peristalsis

A

The involuntary movement of the esophagus to push stuff down

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3
Q

Overall function of digestion

A

To provide nutrients for the body

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4
Q

Which organs make up the digestive system

A

the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder

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5
Q

The job of each organ in the digestion system

A

The mouth takes in the food
The esophagus pushes the food down into the stomach
The stomach breaks down food chemically with stomach acid
Food goes through the small intestine and absorbs through the intestines wall to enter the bloodstream
The large intestine absorbs remaining liquid from indigestible food
The liver produces bile, which helps break down fats
The gallbladder stores bile
The pancreas produces insulin which helps regulate the sugar levels in the bloodstream
The anus gets rid of the waste

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6
Q

Macro Molecules

A

The raw materials (particles of food) that the human body needs to provide energy and perform all cellular functions. They make up body fluid circulate and as cytoplasm (mainly water 60%)

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7
Q

Interstitial fluid ~ Blood Fluid

Inorganic

A

water, phosphates, hydrogen ions, sodium ions

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8
Q

Interstitial fluid ~ Blood Fluid

organic

A

carbon bonded to hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen

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9
Q

Carbohydrates

A

A fast, important, source of energy
Glucose

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10
Q

Lipids

A

Butter, oil, cholesterol
Provides long term energy, insulation
Glycerol

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11
Q

Proteins

A

Meats, beans, and cheese
Immune function
Amino acids

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12
Q

Monosaccharides

A

one molecule

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13
Q

Disaccharides

A

two molecules

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14
Q

Polysaccharides

A

chains of three or more

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15
Q

Hydrolysis

A

a chemical reaction where water breaks down large molecules to small molecules, they then pass through cell membranes for the metabolic process. All macromolecules but nucleic acids

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16
Q

what do Enzymes do?

A

breaks down macromolecules into monomers (speeds up hydrolysis)

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17
Q

enzymes for Carbohydrates

A

Amylase (made in the mouth and pancreas)

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18
Q

enzymes for lipids

A

Lipase (made in the mouth, pancreas, and stomach)

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19
Q

enzymes for proteins

A

Protease (made in pancreas)

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20
Q

enzymes for nucleic acids

A

Nucleases (present in the pancreatic juice)

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21
Q

what is the purpose of the circulatory system?

A

the circulatory system is in charge of transporting oxygen and nutrients everywhere

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22
Q

Artery

A

the heart pumps blood through arteries

23
Q

Vessels

A

arteries branch off into blood vessels

24
Q

Capillaries

A

small blood vessels are called capillaries. In capillaries blood exchanges with tissues

25
Q

Veins

A

After the exchange, blood flows into veins then back to the heart

26
Q

What is blood made up of?

A

Red and white blood cells, platelets, plasma

27
Q

Coronary artery

A

Blood vessels that provide blood to the heart tissue

28
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

Coronary arteries can become partially blocked with plague
Plaque buildup can be caused by genetics, or poor lifestyle choices
Symptoms include tiredness, dizziness, and a pain or burning sensation in
the chest or arms

29
Q

Heart attack

A

When the plague builds up so nothing can get through anymore. The heart is no longer able to get the nutrients and oxygen it needs. This is when the heart can stop and the heart tissue begins to die

30
Q

Blood

A

The cell membrane of red blood cells contain special glycoproteins coded by genes
The glycoproteins are called RBC antigens
RBC antigens help your immune system recognize RBCs as a part of your system
There are two types of RBC antigens, A and B.
Your immune system tolerates your own RBC antigens, so you must get the same type or your blood will clump

31
Q

Positive or negative?

A

If you have an RH factor (protein found on the surface of red blood cells) your blood will be positive if not negative

32
Q

Cardiac Output

A

The volume of blood pumped by the heart (expressed as ml)
It can indicate ~ the total level of work that muscles can perform, how easily the heart fills with blood, the capacity to swell from inside pressure within the ventricles

33
Q

Lub Dub…

A

Hearts go “lub dub”
Lub sound occurs when atrioventricular valves close
Dub sound occurs when semilunar valves close

34
Q

Systolic pressure

A

when the pressure in arteries reach max and the ventricles contract to push blood through

35
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

when the pressure in the arteries are at the lowest and the ventricles are not contracting

36
Q

equipment for finding blood pressure

A

a sphygmomanometer also known as a blood pressure cuff

37
Q

Pulse rate

A

How many times your heart beats
You can feel your pulse because the artery is close enough to the skin to feel it

38
Q

what does the respiratory do?

A

To bring oxygen in and push carbon dioxide out

39
Q

what organs make up the respiratory system?

A

the nose, mouth, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

40
Q

Nose/mouth

A

To breath in oxygen

41
Q

Pharynx

A

This is the throat, oxygen has to get through here to reach the trachea

42
Q

Trachea

A

After passing through your pharynx, oxygen will travel down the trachea. Also known as the windpipe

43
Q

Bronchi

A

At the lungs the trachea split into two branches called the bronchi

44
Q

Lungs

A

Then the oxygen will pass into your lungs

45
Q

Gas exchange

A

Each of the bronchi branch again and again, ending in tiny air sacs called alveoli
The alveoli have very thin walls. Each alveolus is surrounded by a network of capillaries.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide have only to diffuse through two thin walls: the walls of the capillaries and the walls of the alveoli

46
Q

Diffusion

A

The concentration of oxygen in the blood that flows through the lungs is always less than the concentration of oxygen in the air in the alveoli. This means that oxygen always diffuses into the blood.
As the blood picks up oxygen, it is quickly carried away to other parts of the body, where the oxygen diffuses out of the blood and into the cells.
At the same time, excess carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells into the blood. It is then carried by the blood to the lungs, where it diffuses out into the air in the alveoli and is expelled to the outside.

47
Q

Role of Cilia and Mucus

A

Some of the epithelial cells that line the trachea and bronchi produce mucus, similar to those in the digestive system.
Many of the epithelial cells have cilia.Cilia help move mucus and filter out any foreign material that might enter the system.

48
Q

Muscles involved

A

the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

49
Q

Diaphragm

A

muscle under the lungs

50
Q

Intercostal muscles

A

between the ribs

51
Q

External respiration

A

exchange of gasses between lungs and blood

52
Q

Internal respiration

A

exchange of gasses between the blood and cells

53
Q

Cellular respiration

A

energy-releasing reactions in cells

54
Q
A

Biology (13 decks)

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