Systems 1 Flashcards
Mechanical vs chemical
Mechanical physically breaks stuff down ( eg. teeth )
Chemical chemically breaks stuff down ( eg. saliva, stomach acid )
Peristalsis
The involuntary movement of the esophagus to push stuff down
Overall function of digestion
To provide nutrients for the body
Which organs make up the digestive system
the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder
The job of each organ in the digestion system
The mouth takes in the food
The esophagus pushes the food down into the stomach
The stomach breaks down food chemically with stomach acid
Food goes through the small intestine and absorbs through the intestines wall to enter the bloodstream
The large intestine absorbs remaining liquid from indigestible food
The liver produces bile, which helps break down fats
The gallbladder stores bile
The pancreas produces insulin which helps regulate the sugar levels in the bloodstream
The anus gets rid of the waste
Macro Molecules
The raw materials (particles of food) that the human body needs to provide energy and perform all cellular functions. They make up body fluid circulate and as cytoplasm (mainly water 60%)
Interstitial fluid ~ Blood Fluid
Inorganic
water, phosphates, hydrogen ions, sodium ions
Interstitial fluid ~ Blood Fluid
organic
carbon bonded to hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen
Carbohydrates
A fast, important, source of energy
Glucose
Lipids
Butter, oil, cholesterol
Provides long term energy, insulation
Glycerol
Proteins
Meats, beans, and cheese
Immune function
Amino acids
Monosaccharides
one molecule
Disaccharides
two molecules
Polysaccharides
chains of three or more
Hydrolysis
a chemical reaction where water breaks down large molecules to small molecules, they then pass through cell membranes for the metabolic process. All macromolecules but nucleic acids
what do Enzymes do?
breaks down macromolecules into monomers (speeds up hydrolysis)
enzymes for Carbohydrates
Amylase (made in the mouth and pancreas)
enzymes for lipids
Lipase (made in the mouth, pancreas, and stomach)
enzymes for proteins
Protease (made in pancreas)
enzymes for nucleic acids
Nucleases (present in the pancreatic juice)
what is the purpose of the circulatory system?
the circulatory system is in charge of transporting oxygen and nutrients everywhere
Artery
the heart pumps blood through arteries
Vessels
arteries branch off into blood vessels
Capillaries
small blood vessels are called capillaries. In capillaries blood exchanges with tissues
Veins
After the exchange, blood flows into veins then back to the heart
What is blood made up of?
Red and white blood cells, platelets, plasma
Coronary artery
Blood vessels that provide blood to the heart tissue
Coronary artery disease
Coronary arteries can become partially blocked with plague
Plaque buildup can be caused by genetics, or poor lifestyle choices
Symptoms include tiredness, dizziness, and a pain or burning sensation in
the chest or arms
Heart attack
When the plague builds up so nothing can get through anymore. The heart is no longer able to get the nutrients and oxygen it needs. This is when the heart can stop and the heart tissue begins to die
Blood
The cell membrane of red blood cells contain special glycoproteins coded by genes
The glycoproteins are called RBC antigens
RBC antigens help your immune system recognize RBCs as a part of your system
There are two types of RBC antigens, A and B.
Your immune system tolerates your own RBC antigens, so you must get the same type or your blood will clump
Positive or negative?
If you have an RH factor (protein found on the surface of red blood cells) your blood will be positive if not negative
Cardiac Output
The volume of blood pumped by the heart (expressed as ml)
It can indicate ~ the total level of work that muscles can perform, how easily the heart fills with blood, the capacity to swell from inside pressure within the ventricles
Lub Dub…
Hearts go “lub dub”
Lub sound occurs when atrioventricular valves close
Dub sound occurs when semilunar valves close
Systolic pressure
when the pressure in arteries reach max and the ventricles contract to push blood through
Diastolic pressure
when the pressure in the arteries are at the lowest and the ventricles are not contracting
equipment for finding blood pressure
a sphygmomanometer also known as a blood pressure cuff
Pulse rate
How many times your heart beats
You can feel your pulse because the artery is close enough to the skin to feel it
what does the respiratory do?
To bring oxygen in and push carbon dioxide out
what organs make up the respiratory system?
the nose, mouth, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Nose/mouth
To breath in oxygen
Pharynx
This is the throat, oxygen has to get through here to reach the trachea
Trachea
After passing through your pharynx, oxygen will travel down the trachea. Also known as the windpipe
Bronchi
At the lungs the trachea split into two branches called the bronchi
Lungs
Then the oxygen will pass into your lungs
Gas exchange
Each of the bronchi branch again and again, ending in tiny air sacs called alveoli
The alveoli have very thin walls. Each alveolus is surrounded by a network of capillaries.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide have only to diffuse through two thin walls: the walls of the capillaries and the walls of the alveoli
Diffusion
The concentration of oxygen in the blood that flows through the lungs is always less than the concentration of oxygen in the air in the alveoli. This means that oxygen always diffuses into the blood.
As the blood picks up oxygen, it is quickly carried away to other parts of the body, where the oxygen diffuses out of the blood and into the cells.
At the same time, excess carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells into the blood. It is then carried by the blood to the lungs, where it diffuses out into the air in the alveoli and is expelled to the outside.
Role of Cilia and Mucus
Some of the epithelial cells that line the trachea and bronchi produce mucus, similar to those in the digestive system.
Many of the epithelial cells have cilia.Cilia help move mucus and filter out any foreign material that might enter the system.
Muscles involved
the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
Diaphragm
muscle under the lungs
Intercostal muscles
between the ribs
External respiration
exchange of gasses between lungs and blood
Internal respiration
exchange of gasses between the blood and cells
Cellular respiration
energy-releasing reactions in cells
