systemic response to injury and metabolic support Flashcards

1
Q

This cytokine induces muscle breakdown and cachexia

A

TNF - Alpha

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2
Q

This cytokine induces fever

A

IL - 1

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3
Q

This cytokine promotes lymphocyte proliferation, immunoglobulin production

A

IL - 2

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4
Q

This cytokine prolongs activated neutrophil survival and is a mediator of acute phase response

A

IL - 6

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5
Q

This cytokine is a chemoattractant

A

IL - 8

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6
Q

This cytokine activates macrophage via TH1 cells

A

IFN - y

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7
Q

This function as intracellular chaperones for ligands such as bacterial DNA and endotoxin and alert the immune system of the tissue damage

A

HSP

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8
Q

It is associated with eosinophil and mast cell release

A

Histamine

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9
Q

wound healing is impaired by cholesterol through reduction of

A

TGF - B

IGF

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10
Q

This promotes protein synthesis and insulin resistance and enhance mobilization of fat stores

A

GH

IGF - 1

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11
Q

Normal caloric requirement of healthy adult

A

22 - 25 kcal/kg/day

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12
Q

What is the principal source of fuel during short term fasting <5 days

A

lipids

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13
Q

When does ketone bodies become the principal source of fuel

A

starts after 2 days of starvation

24 days

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14
Q

What is the primary source of energy in critical illness and stressed states

A

lipids

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15
Q

caloric adjustment for hypermetabolic conditions

A
  1. mild stress - 25 - 30
  2. moderate - 30
  3. severe - 30 - 35
  4. burns - 35 to 40
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16
Q

What vitamin is not part of parenteral nutrition and must be supplemented weekly

A

vitamin K

17
Q

Most common trace mineral deficiency and is associated with diffuse eczematoid rash at intertriginous area

A

Zinc

18
Q

What is the effect of prostacyclin in inflammation

A

inhibit platelet aggregation and vasodilation

19
Q

How much does sepsis increase metabolic need

A

50%

20
Q

what is the initial enteric formula for majority of surgical patients

A

low residue isotonic formula

1.0 kcal/ml - requires 1500 to 1800 ml