System Life Cycle Flashcards
Organizational Goals
Set based upon a needs assessment
Steps in Upgrading or Implementing
Plan, hardware/software delivery, installation, policy and procedure, training, maintenance and support
Enterprise-Wide Strategic Planning
Short term 2-4 years
Long term 10-15 years
Resource Use
The consideration of all factors related to the planning and delivery of quality products and activites
Inventory
The amount of material or equipment on hand
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Average cost of an event and the cost of intervention = savings
Cost-Effective Analysis
Meaures the effectiveness of an interventions rather than the monetary savings
Cost-Utility Analysis
Subtype of CEA with subjective outcomes
Return on Investment (ROI)
Accounting calculation used to determine the value and cost of an investment
Phases of System Development Life Cycle
Needs assessment, system selection, implementation, maintenance
Gap Analysis
Method used to determine the steps required to move from a current state to new state
Feasibility Study
Help to define the problem(s) that the new system is expected to address
Request for Information (RFI)
Used early in system analysis to gather information from vendors
Clinical Flow Chart
Schematic representation of a process
Parallelogram on Flow Chart
Input and output (start/end)
Arrow on Flow Chart
Direction of flow
Diamond on Flow Chart
Conditional decision (yes/no)
Circle on Flow Chart
Connectors with diverging paths with multiple arrows coming in bot only one going out
Gantt Chart
Used for developing improvement project to manage schedules and estimate time needed to complete tasks
Bar chart with horizontal time scale
Storyboard
Visual representation of the actions of a team during the performance improvement process
May contain charts, diagrams, pictures, etc.
Data-Flow Diagrams
Show how data flow into a system and from one process to another
Square on Data-Flow Diagram
External entity or sources of data or external destinations
Rounded Rectangle on Data-Flow Diagram
Process in inputting and outputting data
Arrow on Data-Flow Diagram
Direction of data flow
Three-Sided Open Rectangle on Data-Flow Diagram
Electronic or physical data storage
Solid stripe on lieft side inciates that more than one system shares the data store
Product Analysis
Helps to identify flaws or problem areas and can identify possible changes needed for improvement
Market Analysis
Determine both the current state of the market for a product or service and the future potential
System Selection
Needs assessment, RFP, contract negotiation
Discrete Data
Represents the count of something
Redundancy
The same field is present more than once
Hierarchial Database
Tree or parent-child formation (one to many)
Relational Database
Multiple table structure with each individual item having a unique identifier
Recursion Algorithm
Calls on itself repeatedly until a match is made
Iterative Algorithm
Uses constructs that repeat themselves many times with the possible additon of other information to find a solution
Logical Algorithm
Uses the controlled dedication of axioms
Algorithm = logic + control
Serial Algorithm
One instruction is performed after another
Parallel and Distributive Algorithm
Breaks up the algorithm into parts that can be solved on different machines and then brings the seperate answers together for the results
Deterministic/Non-Deterministic Algorithm
Uses precise decisions or uses a heuristically designed system of guessing
Exact/Approximate Algorithm
Determines a concrete answer or determines an answer that is close enough
Divide and Conquer Algorithm
Seperates the problem into smaller and smaller sub-problems until each sub-problem can be solved easily
Dynamic Programming Algorithm
Breaks the problem down into problems that have already been solved in order to find the answer more quickly
Greedy Method Algorithm
Makes sure of approximate answers to sub-problems and can be the fastest way to find solutions
Linear Programming Algorithm
Inputs are restricted based on a predetermined construct
Reduction Algorithm
Change the problem into a simpler problem
Search and Enumeration Algorithm
Specifies rules in the form of a graph
Alerts
Part of clinical decision support
CPT Codes
Developed by AMA to define those licensed to provide services as well as medical and surgical treatments, diagnostics, and procedures
ICD Codes
Developed by WHO to acquire worldwide morbidity and mortality data
NANDA-I
167 classified diagnoses defined and characterized
Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC)
514 treatments performed by nurses
Links to NANDA
Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC)
Provides expected outcomes for 330 disease states
SNOMED CT
Comprehensive collection of clinical terms
Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC)
Terms primarily for lab
International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP)
Uniform terms for nursing data
Nursing Management Minimum Data Set (NMMDS)
Dynamic collection of standardized terms related to nursing
Omaha System
Problem classification scheme allows for evaluating patient condition
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Can only ask if accomodations are needed, not why
Entitled to assistive devices
Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS)
Interactive software applications that provide information to physicians to help with healthcare decisions
Run Chart
Running record of a process over time
Control Chart
Run chart with a mean line
Run (Shift)
7 or more consecutive data points are all above or below the median or mean
Trend
7 or more consecutive data points are in either ascending or descending order with 21 or more total points
Cycle
An up and down variation forms a sawtooth pattern with 14 successive data points
Astronomical Value
Data points unrelated to other points indicate a sentinel event or special-cause situation
Components
Software appliations which need to be integrated into the software of the information system.
Features
Parts of a component with predictable properties
Feature Creep
Addition of more and more features to a program
Interface
Computer program that allows two or more programs to exchange information
Point-to-Point Interface
Transfer of data only between two programs
Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI)
Industry standard for interfacing mulitple systems
Half-Duplex
Facilitates two-way interface communication, but only one way at a time
Full-Duplex
Simultaneous bi-directional interface communication
User Interface
Allows interactoin between the user and the machine, permitting the user to make input and to see output as a result
Links
Allow access of information at one point from a different point
Undefined Device
The system does not recognize the device
Defined Device
Information about a specific device is present in the database buy not available to the system
Available Device
Information about a device is present in the database and configured to the OS
Not Available/Stopped Device
Information about the device is present in its driver, but the device is not available
Configuration Report
Contain data about the system itself
Informational Report
Include built-in templates and provide fact-finding to glean information from databases
Change Report
Automated, showing changes that occur to the system over a period of time
Baseline Report
Automated, showing how the system or elements of the system compare to a baseline
Summary/Management Report
Summaries of actions, processes, and data
Periodic Report
Issued at predetermined periods
Error/Exception Report
Issued when faults occur or data are outside of normal parameters
Refresh Rate
The speed at which the screen reprints from top to bottom
Resolution
The number of horizontal pixels by vertical pixels
Higher resolution = smaller but clearer image
Automated Testing
Uses software tools specifically designed to test featers of an information system, sugh as the GUI. Especially useful for stress testing
Black Box Testing
Functional testing that determines if an input results in the correct output, using test cases focused on the sytem’s operational profile
May not include activation of code, so may not detect all defaults
Fault Injection Testing
Introduces fautls into the system to show what happens to the system when components fail to function properly
Operational System Testing
Tests the ability of the system to function after introduction of a component
May require huge amount of testing to determine how the system will deal with component failures or problems
Defense Building Testing
Wrappers are used to limit the component software in some way
System Integration (SIT) Testing
Determines if hardware/software applications can work together
Type of black box testing
Functional Testing
Verifies that a code is functioning properly and determines if new users are able to carry out certain functions or whether features are working as expected
Load/Volume Testing
Nonfunctional reliability testing that evaluates the system’s ability to function under different loads
Accessability Testing
Ensures the system is ADA compliant
Ad Hoc Testing
users try to identify problems in an unstructured way by trying various means to elicit errors
Compatibility Testing
Wide range of tests, including testing the system using various web browsers
Exception Handling
Error Testing to determine if there are errors resulting from incorrect programming, coding, or resource failures
Exploratory Testing
Uses results of previous testing to determine what additional testing is needed
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Allows the uswers to interact with devices through the use of images
Installation Testing
Tests procedures needed to install, uninstall, and upgrade applications
Maintenance Testing
Done to identify problems requiring maintenance with equpiment or applications or to evaluate the effectiveness of repairs
Recovery Testing
Purposely crashing the system and evaluating it’s ability to recover
Regression Testing
Tests the system after a change, such as installation of a patch or change in configuration, to see if the change has introduced faults
Sanity Testing
Rapid run-through testing to determine if results seem reasonable
Scalability Testing
Tests the ability of the system to function under increasing loads (scaling up) or under increasing nodes (scaling out)
Security Testing
Done to determine if data security is adequate in protecting confidentiality
Smoke/Power On Testing
Attaching an electronic device to power and observing the results
Software Performance Testing
Ability of the system to perform under certain workloads
Usibility Testing
Ability of the end users to use the system
System Implementation Plan
Develop a schedule with milestones, assign tasks, establish communication plan, test the system
Phased Implementation
May be by module, unit, or geography
Advantages - allows for small-scale evaluation and revision, creates pool of trainers for subsequent lives
Big-Bang Implementation
Complete system goes live across an organziation on a designated date and time
Pilot Implementation
Used to try out a system before further implementation
Parallel Implementation
Both the existing (legacy) system and new system are used concurrently
Most costly in terms of finances and time since users must enter data into two systems, increasing risk of error
Less risky than big bang because backup system is in place
Data Conversion/Migration
Occurs when data are translated from one format to antoher
Interoperability
Ability of two systems to exchange and use data while maintaining the same meaning
Technical Interoperability
Ability of two systems or equipment from different manufacturers to exchange data
Syntactical Interoperability
Transfer of data formats without necessarily ensuring that meaning is intact
Semantic Interoperability
Transfer of meaning so that people recognize the content is the same
Process Interoperability
Processes and specification that facilitate exchange of data from one organization to another
