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Informatics > Management & Knowledge Generation > Flashcards

Management & Knowledge Generation Flashcards

0
Q

Quantitative Data

A

Numbers within a statistical format

Gathered after the design of data collection is outlined

Primary or secondary data

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1
Q

Qualitative Data

A

Verbal, graphic, subjective

Time-intensive to gather

Useful at beginning of design process for data collection

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2
Q

Primary Data

A

Quantitative data collected for a particular purpose

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3
Q

Secondary Data

A

Quantitative data originally collected for another purpose

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4
Q

Data Management

A

Use of computers to store, access, and secure patient information

Stored as tables in relational databases

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5
Q

Data Warehouses

A

Used to store results from clinical trials or insurance companies

Not required on a daily vasis

Used by management to make decisions

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6
Q

Data Warehouses

A

Used to store results from clinical trials or insurance companies

Not required on a daily vasis

Used by management to make decisions

Frees space and increases response time

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7
Q

Knowledge-Based Data

A

Training, support, research, practice guidelines

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8
Q

Comparison Data

A

Internal or external comparisons to benchmarks or best-practice guidelines

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9
Q

Analog Data

A

TV, radio, telephone, recorded

Continuous waveform signals varying in intensity

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10
Q

Binary Code

A

Comprised of strings of 1s and 0s

1s stored in magnetized areas (on), 0s in non-magnetized areas (off)

Data converted into bits for digital transmission

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11
Q

1 Byte

A

8 bits

256 character

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12
Q

1 Kilobyte

A

1000 bytes

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13
Q

1 Megabyte

A

1 million bytes

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14
Q

1 Gigabyte

A

1 billion bytes

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15
Q

1 Terabyte

A

1 trillion bytes

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16
Q

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

A

Most common binary coding scheme for English and European languages

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17
Q

Hexadecimal Coding System

A

2 hexadecimal characters represent 1 byte

Base of 16 and 16 symbols (1-9 and A-F for 10-15)

1 digit = 1 nibble

1 byte = 1 octet

Binary code 1000 = Hexadecimal code 8

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18
Q

Unicode Standard Coding Scheme

A

Standardized coding system that has a large capacity and can represent most languages, including Asian languages

110,000 characters

Users can assign values as needed

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19
Q

Data Aggregation

A

Collection and summation of data for further use

May be used to collect data about one topic or person from multiple sources

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20
Q

Data Aggregation Criteria

A

Apps should integrate with existing

Apps should be flexible and use industry standards

Fast and reliable performance

Scalable results

Efficient implementation with little training

Requires little increase in hardware, software, and stoarge
Cost-effective for organization

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21
Q

Subject-Oriented Data Warehouse

A

All events or objects that are the same are linked in a traceable manner

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22
Q

Time-Varient Data Warehouse

A

Ability to see information changes as a function of time

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23
Q

Non-Volatile Data Warehouse

A

Information can never be deleted or manipulated in a way that can cause loss

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24
Q

Integrated Data Warehouse

A

Information from all areas of the enterprise is placed into the same database for the sake of analysis

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25
Q

Data Warehouse Infrastructure

A

Hardware and software of the system

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26
Q

Data Warehouse Data

A

Diagram representations of the structures that send and store information and their relation

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27
Q

Data Warehouse Process

A

How information gets from one place to another or is dealt with

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28
Q

Codd Rules of Normalization

A

Used by data warehouses to break data down into a table to show relationships

Dimensional (data into numerical facts) or normalized (groups into tables by subject)

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29
Q

Knowledge Discovery in Database (KDD)

A

Method by which to identify patterns and relationships in large amounts of data

Steps - Selecting data, preprocessing, transforming, data mining, interpreting results

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30
Q

Data Perturbation

A

Hiding of confidential information while maintaining basic information in the database

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31
Q

Data Preprocessing

A

Assembling target data set, cleaning data of noise

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32
Q

Data Mining

A

Analysis (often automatic) of large amounts of data to identify underlying or hidden patterns

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33
Q

Mean

A

Average number

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34
Q

Median

A

50th percentile

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35
Q

Mode

A

Number occurring with the highest frequency

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36
Q

Range

A

Distance from the highest to lowest number

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37
Q

Interquartal

A

Range between the 25th and 75th percentile

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38
Q

Varience

A

Distribution spread around an average value

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39
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Squre root of the varience, shows the dispersion of data above and below the mean en equally measured distances.

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40
Q

Chi-Square Test

A

Means by which to establish if a varience in categorical data is of statistical signifigance

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41
Q

T Test

A

Used to analyze data to determine if there is a statistically significant difference in the means of both groups

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42
Q

Regression Analysis

A

Used to evaluate data sets found in scattergrams

Compares relationship between the dependent and independent variables

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43
Q

Sensitivity

A

The data include all positive cases, taking into account variable and decreasing the number of false-negatives

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44
Q

Specificity

A

The data include only those cases specific to the needs of the measurement, excluding those from a different population thereby decreasing the number of false-positives

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45
Q

Stratification

A

Data are classified according to subsets, taking variables into consideration

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46
Q

Recordability

A

The tool/indicator collects and measures the necessary data

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47
Q

Reliability

A

Results should be reproducable

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48
Q

Usability

A

The tool or indicator should be easy to use and understand

49
Q

Valitidy

A

Collection measures the target adequately so that the results have predictive value

50
Q

Balanced Scorecard

A

Designed by RS Kaplan and DP Norton

Provides performance measures in relation to the mission and vision statement and goals and objectives

Financial information, customer data, internal processes, education

51
Q

Line Graphs

A

x and y axis shows how an independent variable affects a dependent variable

52
Q

Bar Graphs

A

Compare the relationship between two or more groups

53
Q

Pie Charts

A

Show the percentage of an item as compared to the whole

54
Q

Scattergram

A

Display of the relationship between two variables with one varialbe plotted on the x axis and the other on the y axis

55
Q

Dashboard

A

Computer program that integrates a variety of performance measures or key indicators into one display (usually with graphs or charts)

56
Q

Data Retrieval

A

Process of accessing data

57
Q

Association Rule Mining

A

Looks for patterns in which a certain data object shows up repeatedly (more than randomly) and is associated with an unrelated data object

58
Q

Classification Mining

A

Looks for data group membership

59
Q

Clustering

A

Organizes data objects according to their similar characteristics, resulting in a natural pattern of similar data

60
Q

Name

A

One or two word definintion (attribute)

61
Q

Domain

A

Actual value an attribued can have

ie Gender can only equal male or female

62
Q

Information Quality

A

Timliness, precision, accuarcy, measurability, independently verifiable, availability

63
Q

Science of Unitary Human Beings

A

The individual is viewed as a unitary energy source within the larger universe, constantly interacting with the environment

Martha Rogers

64
Q

Interpersonal Relations Model of Nursing

A

Hildegard Peplau

Views the nurse a a person who can affect health in a positive or negative manner

Illness is an opportunity for maturing through nurse-client interactions

65
Q

General Theory of Nursing

A

Dorothea Orem

Goal of nursing is to serve patients and assist them to provide self-care through three steps: identifying the reason for care, planning for care, and managing care

66
Q

Total-Person Systems Model

A

Betty Neuman

Primary: health promotion, education
Secondary: prevent damage of the central core by facilitating internal resistance
Tertiars: promote reconstruction and reduce energy needs

67
Q

Nursing Process Theory

A

Ida Jean Orlando

Process includes patient behavior, nurse response, and subsequent nursing actions

68
Q

Crisis Theory

A

Lee Ann Hoff

Stress-related events are turning points in life and can lead to danger or opportunity

69
Q

Transcultural Theory of Nursing

A

Madeline Leininger

Considers cultural issues as central to providing care

70
Q

Philosophy of Human Caring

A

Jean Watson

Transpersonal caring views the individual holistcally from the perspective of the interrelationship among health, sickness, and behavior

10 Caritas

71
Q

Novice

A

Little experience, depends on rules and learned behavior, not able to adapt easily

72
Q

Advanced Beginner

A

Some experience in coping with new situations

73
Q

Competent

A

2-3 years of experience, some mastery of new situations and goals, can cope well but may require planning time and lack flexibility

74
Q

Proficient

A

Looks at situations holistically

75
Q

Expert

A

Wealth of experience from which to draw, and can provide care intuitively rather than relying on rules

76
Q

Computer Science

A

The study of how information is manipulated to solve problems or answer questions

77
Q

Information Theory

A

Claude Shannon

Determines the effectiveness of communication systems, especially related to compressing, transmitting, and storing data

78
Q

Theory of Cognitive Development

A

Jean Piagets

How children assimilate new experiences and deal with them through accomodation

79
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Model

A

Eric Erikson

Focuses on conflicts at each stage and the virtue that is the outcome of finding a balance in the conflict

80
Q

Festinger’s Theory of Cognitive Dissonance

A

Leon Festinger

Individuals attmept to escabe dissonance and try to avoid inconsistencies between their beliefs and actions

Beliefs are more likely to change than actions

81
Q

Weiner’s Attribution Theory

A

Bernard Weiner

People attempt to attribute cause to behavior

82
Q

Theory of Cognitive Flexibility

A

Spiro, Feltovitch, and Coulson

Information must be presented in a variety of perspectives and that materials and presentations must be context-specific

83
Q

Theory of Multiple Intelligences

A

Howard Gardner

At least seven categores of intelligence that people use to comprehend the world and to learn

Linguistic, logical, spatial, kinesthetic, musical, interpseronal, intrapersonal

84
Q

Systems Theory

A

Method to detect ways to connect seemingly unrelated ideas or functions

Ludwig von Bertalanffy

85
Q

Input

A

What goes into a system in terms of energy or matierals

86
Q

Processes

A

Actions that take place in order to transform input

87
Q

Output

A

Result of the interrelationship bewteen input and processes

88
Q

Feedback

A

Information that results and can be used for evaluation of the system

89
Q

Bowen’s Family Systems Theory

A

Murray Bown

One must look at the person in terms of his or her family usint because the members of a family have different holes and behavioral patterns; thus a change in one person’s behavior affects the others in the family

90
Q

Complex Adaptive Theory

A

Complex systems are interdisciplinary systems with multiple components or agents that depend on interaction and adaptation as part of learning

91
Q

Change Theory

A

Kurt Lewin

Motivation to change - Unfreezing

Desire to change - Unfrozen

Development of permanent change - Refreezing

92
Q

Theory of Reasoned Action

A

Martin Fishbein

The actions people take voluntarily can be predicted according to their personal attitude toward the action and their perception of how others will view their doing the action

93
Q

Theroy of Planned Behavior

A

Icek Ajzen

Beliefs interact to influence intention and action

94
Q

Organizational Development (OD) Model of Change

A

Works by focusing on the entire culture of the organization rather than tring to change individual behaviors

Encourages management-worker cooperatoin and free-flowing communications

95
Q

Communication

A

An exchange system in which people attempt to negotiate a return on their investment

96
Q

Communication Accommodation Theory and Cultivation Theory

A

Howard Giles

Individuals may practive convergence (modeling the communication sytle) after the other if seeking approval, or may practice convergence (intentional differences) to emphasize social differences

97
Q

Peck’s Theory of Adult Development

A

Robert Peck

Seven important tasks required during the last two stages of life (per Erikson)

98
Q

Havinghurst’s Theory of Adult Development

A

Robert Havinghurst

There are a number of tasks that need to be accomplished during each stage of development and remaining active is important

99
Q

Theory of Andragogy

A

Malcolm Knowles

Adult learners are more interested in process than in information and content

100
Q

Bloom’s Taxonomy

A

Benjamin Bloom

Cognitive, Affective, and psychomotor learning

101
Q

Theory of Social Learning

A

Albert Bandura

Learning developes from observation, organizing, and rehearsing behavior that has been modeled

102
Q

Management Science

A

The study of business decision-making using various analytical methods

AKA Operations Research

103
Q

Strategic Planning

A

Based on an organization’s goals and mission

104
Q

Morpholocigal Analysis

A

Looks at many different possible solutions in an attempt to come up with the most appropriate one

105
Q

Influence Diagrams

A

Use mathematical representations and graphs to solve problems

106
Q

Problem Structuring

A

Soft-operations research

107
Q

Software Usability

A

Based on user-centric design that incorporates the interaction of the human user from the start of the design process

108
Q

Learnability

A

The amount of time it takes to learn and figure out how to use a software program

109
Q

Memorability

A

The amount of time it takes the user to perform tasks without having to stop and look up the instructions

110
Q

Discovery

A

The time it takes a user to find specific product features in response to the need for that feature

111
Q

Usability

A

The ease of which a human uses a software program

112
Q

Likeability

A

How much an individual enjoys using a software program

113
Q

Ergonomics

A

The study of the work environment and its effect on humans

Physical, cognitive, organized (culure of work)

114
Q

Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) Framework

A

Nancy Staggers

Basic tasks to accomplish HCI include initiating interaction, responding, providing information, and exchanging information

115
Q

Steps of Human-Centered Design

A

Define organizational requirments, logistics of the system, functionality analysis, define key system functions, analysis of the most common potential errors, design interfaces and workstations, system testing with actual users

116
Q

Screen Layout

A

Headings top left

Text arranged in an orderly vertical display

Bright colors are distracting, and red/green may be ineffective if color blind

Simple designs preferable

Icons and menus consistent

Avoid unnecessary lines/borders

117
Q

Low Level of Usability

A

Errors in execution of steps interfere with outcomes, and misunderstanding of outcomes interferes with perception

118
Q

Moderate Level of Usability

A

Sequence of actions results in input that is not compatible with the computer or the mode results in misinterpretation of the input. Output is misunderstood due to lack of training.

119
Q

High Level of Usability

A

Interference with intention occurs because of an inability to make a decision regarding a correct action or an inability to evalute and interpret outcomes correctly

Informatics (3 decks)

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