Management & Knowledge Generation Flashcards
Quantitative Data
Numbers within a statistical format
Gathered after the design of data collection is outlined
Primary or secondary data
Qualitative Data
Verbal, graphic, subjective
Time-intensive to gather
Useful at beginning of design process for data collection
Primary Data
Quantitative data collected for a particular purpose
Secondary Data
Quantitative data originally collected for another purpose
Data Management
Use of computers to store, access, and secure patient information
Stored as tables in relational databases
Data Warehouses
Used to store results from clinical trials or insurance companies
Not required on a daily vasis
Used by management to make decisions
Data Warehouses
Used to store results from clinical trials or insurance companies
Not required on a daily vasis
Used by management to make decisions
Frees space and increases response time
Knowledge-Based Data
Training, support, research, practice guidelines
Comparison Data
Internal or external comparisons to benchmarks or best-practice guidelines
Analog Data
TV, radio, telephone, recorded
Continuous waveform signals varying in intensity
Binary Code
Comprised of strings of 1s and 0s
1s stored in magnetized areas (on), 0s in non-magnetized areas (off)
Data converted into bits for digital transmission
1 Byte
8 bits
256 character
1 Kilobyte
1000 bytes
1 Megabyte
1 million bytes
1 Gigabyte
1 billion bytes
1 Terabyte
1 trillion bytes
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
Most common binary coding scheme for English and European languages
Hexadecimal Coding System
2 hexadecimal characters represent 1 byte
Base of 16 and 16 symbols (1-9 and A-F for 10-15)
1 digit = 1 nibble
1 byte = 1 octet
Binary code 1000 = Hexadecimal code 8
Unicode Standard Coding Scheme
Standardized coding system that has a large capacity and can represent most languages, including Asian languages
110,000 characters
Users can assign values as needed
Data Aggregation
Collection and summation of data for further use
May be used to collect data about one topic or person from multiple sources
Data Aggregation Criteria
Apps should integrate with existing
Apps should be flexible and use industry standards
Fast and reliable performance
Scalable results
Efficient implementation with little training
Requires little increase in hardware, software, and stoarge
Cost-effective for organization
Subject-Oriented Data Warehouse
All events or objects that are the same are linked in a traceable manner
Time-Varient Data Warehouse
Ability to see information changes as a function of time
Non-Volatile Data Warehouse
Information can never be deleted or manipulated in a way that can cause loss
Integrated Data Warehouse
Information from all areas of the enterprise is placed into the same database for the sake of analysis
Data Warehouse Infrastructure
Hardware and software of the system
Data Warehouse Data
Diagram representations of the structures that send and store information and their relation
Data Warehouse Process
How information gets from one place to another or is dealt with
Codd Rules of Normalization
Used by data warehouses to break data down into a table to show relationships
Dimensional (data into numerical facts) or normalized (groups into tables by subject)
Knowledge Discovery in Database (KDD)
Method by which to identify patterns and relationships in large amounts of data
Steps - Selecting data, preprocessing, transforming, data mining, interpreting results
Data Perturbation
Hiding of confidential information while maintaining basic information in the database
Data Preprocessing
Assembling target data set, cleaning data of noise
Data Mining
Analysis (often automatic) of large amounts of data to identify underlying or hidden patterns
Mean
Average number
Median
50th percentile
Mode
Number occurring with the highest frequency
Range
Distance from the highest to lowest number
Interquartal
Range between the 25th and 75th percentile
Varience
Distribution spread around an average value
Standard Deviation
Squre root of the varience, shows the dispersion of data above and below the mean en equally measured distances.
Chi-Square Test
Means by which to establish if a varience in categorical data is of statistical signifigance
T Test
Used to analyze data to determine if there is a statistically significant difference in the means of both groups
Regression Analysis
Used to evaluate data sets found in scattergrams
Compares relationship between the dependent and independent variables
Sensitivity
The data include all positive cases, taking into account variable and decreasing the number of false-negatives
Specificity
The data include only those cases specific to the needs of the measurement, excluding those from a different population thereby decreasing the number of false-positives
Stratification
Data are classified according to subsets, taking variables into consideration
Recordability
The tool/indicator collects and measures the necessary data
Reliability
Results should be reproducable
Usability
The tool or indicator should be easy to use and understand
Valitidy
Collection measures the target adequately so that the results have predictive value
Balanced Scorecard
Designed by RS Kaplan and DP Norton
Provides performance measures in relation to the mission and vision statement and goals and objectives
Financial information, customer data, internal processes, education
Line Graphs
x and y axis shows how an independent variable affects a dependent variable
Bar Graphs
Compare the relationship between two or more groups
Pie Charts
Show the percentage of an item as compared to the whole
Scattergram
Display of the relationship between two variables with one varialbe plotted on the x axis and the other on the y axis
Dashboard
Computer program that integrates a variety of performance measures or key indicators into one display (usually with graphs or charts)
Data Retrieval
Process of accessing data
Association Rule Mining
Looks for patterns in which a certain data object shows up repeatedly (more than randomly) and is associated with an unrelated data object
Classification Mining
Looks for data group membership
Clustering
Organizes data objects according to their similar characteristics, resulting in a natural pattern of similar data
Name
One or two word definintion (attribute)
Domain
Actual value an attribued can have
ie Gender can only equal male or female
Information Quality
Timliness, precision, accuarcy, measurability, independently verifiable, availability
Science of Unitary Human Beings
The individual is viewed as a unitary energy source within the larger universe, constantly interacting with the environment
Martha Rogers
Interpersonal Relations Model of Nursing
Hildegard Peplau
Views the nurse a a person who can affect health in a positive or negative manner
Illness is an opportunity for maturing through nurse-client interactions
General Theory of Nursing
Dorothea Orem
Goal of nursing is to serve patients and assist them to provide self-care through three steps: identifying the reason for care, planning for care, and managing care
Total-Person Systems Model
Betty Neuman
Primary: health promotion, education
Secondary: prevent damage of the central core by facilitating internal resistance
Tertiars: promote reconstruction and reduce energy needs
Nursing Process Theory
Ida Jean Orlando
Process includes patient behavior, nurse response, and subsequent nursing actions
Crisis Theory
Lee Ann Hoff
Stress-related events are turning points in life and can lead to danger or opportunity
Transcultural Theory of Nursing
Madeline Leininger
Considers cultural issues as central to providing care
Philosophy of Human Caring
Jean Watson
Transpersonal caring views the individual holistcally from the perspective of the interrelationship among health, sickness, and behavior
10 Caritas
Novice
Little experience, depends on rules and learned behavior, not able to adapt easily
Advanced Beginner
Some experience in coping with new situations
Competent
2-3 years of experience, some mastery of new situations and goals, can cope well but may require planning time and lack flexibility
Proficient
Looks at situations holistically
Expert
Wealth of experience from which to draw, and can provide care intuitively rather than relying on rules
Computer Science
The study of how information is manipulated to solve problems or answer questions
Information Theory
Claude Shannon
Determines the effectiveness of communication systems, especially related to compressing, transmitting, and storing data
Theory of Cognitive Development
Jean Piagets
How children assimilate new experiences and deal with them through accomodation
Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Model
Eric Erikson
Focuses on conflicts at each stage and the virtue that is the outcome of finding a balance in the conflict
Festinger’s Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Leon Festinger
Individuals attmept to escabe dissonance and try to avoid inconsistencies between their beliefs and actions
Beliefs are more likely to change than actions
Weiner’s Attribution Theory
Bernard Weiner
People attempt to attribute cause to behavior
Theory of Cognitive Flexibility
Spiro, Feltovitch, and Coulson
Information must be presented in a variety of perspectives and that materials and presentations must be context-specific
Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner
At least seven categores of intelligence that people use to comprehend the world and to learn
Linguistic, logical, spatial, kinesthetic, musical, interpseronal, intrapersonal
Systems Theory
Method to detect ways to connect seemingly unrelated ideas or functions
Ludwig von Bertalanffy
Input
What goes into a system in terms of energy or matierals
Processes
Actions that take place in order to transform input
Output
Result of the interrelationship bewteen input and processes
Feedback
Information that results and can be used for evaluation of the system
Bowen’s Family Systems Theory
Murray Bown
One must look at the person in terms of his or her family usint because the members of a family have different holes and behavioral patterns; thus a change in one person’s behavior affects the others in the family
Complex Adaptive Theory
Complex systems are interdisciplinary systems with multiple components or agents that depend on interaction and adaptation as part of learning
Change Theory
Kurt Lewin
Motivation to change - Unfreezing
Desire to change - Unfrozen
Development of permanent change - Refreezing
Theory of Reasoned Action
Martin Fishbein
The actions people take voluntarily can be predicted according to their personal attitude toward the action and their perception of how others will view their doing the action
Theroy of Planned Behavior
Icek Ajzen
Beliefs interact to influence intention and action
Organizational Development (OD) Model of Change
Works by focusing on the entire culture of the organization rather than tring to change individual behaviors
Encourages management-worker cooperatoin and free-flowing communications
Communication
An exchange system in which people attempt to negotiate a return on their investment
Communication Accommodation Theory and Cultivation Theory
Howard Giles
Individuals may practive convergence (modeling the communication sytle) after the other if seeking approval, or may practice convergence (intentional differences) to emphasize social differences
Peck’s Theory of Adult Development
Robert Peck
Seven important tasks required during the last two stages of life (per Erikson)
Havinghurst’s Theory of Adult Development
Robert Havinghurst
There are a number of tasks that need to be accomplished during each stage of development and remaining active is important
Theory of Andragogy
Malcolm Knowles
Adult learners are more interested in process than in information and content
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Benjamin Bloom
Cognitive, Affective, and psychomotor learning
Theory of Social Learning
Albert Bandura
Learning developes from observation, organizing, and rehearsing behavior that has been modeled
Management Science
The study of business decision-making using various analytical methods
AKA Operations Research
Strategic Planning
Based on an organization’s goals and mission
Morpholocigal Analysis
Looks at many different possible solutions in an attempt to come up with the most appropriate one
Influence Diagrams
Use mathematical representations and graphs to solve problems
Problem Structuring
Soft-operations research
Software Usability
Based on user-centric design that incorporates the interaction of the human user from the start of the design process
Learnability
The amount of time it takes to learn and figure out how to use a software program
Memorability
The amount of time it takes the user to perform tasks without having to stop and look up the instructions
Discovery
The time it takes a user to find specific product features in response to the need for that feature
Usability
The ease of which a human uses a software program
Likeability
How much an individual enjoys using a software program
Ergonomics
The study of the work environment and its effect on humans
Physical, cognitive, organized (culure of work)
Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) Framework
Nancy Staggers
Basic tasks to accomplish HCI include initiating interaction, responding, providing information, and exchanging information
Steps of Human-Centered Design
Define organizational requirments, logistics of the system, functionality analysis, define key system functions, analysis of the most common potential errors, design interfaces and workstations, system testing with actual users
Screen Layout
Headings top left
Text arranged in an orderly vertical display
Bright colors are distracting, and red/green may be ineffective if color blind
Simple designs preferable
Icons and menus consistent
Avoid unnecessary lines/borders
Low Level of Usability
Errors in execution of steps interfere with outcomes, and misunderstanding of outcomes interferes with perception
Moderate Level of Usability
Sequence of actions results in input that is not compatible with the computer or the mode results in misinterpretation of the input. Output is misunderstood due to lack of training.
High Level of Usability
Interference with intention occurs because of an inability to make a decision regarding a correct action or an inability to evalute and interpret outcomes correctly
