syrups Flashcards
syrup
concentrated aqueous preparation of sugar with OR without flavoring agents and drugs
all syrups are
- sweet
- viscous
are regular syrups suitable for diabetic patients?
no
do nonmedicated syrups contain medicinal substances?
no (duh)
nonmedicated syrups
pleasant-tasting vehicles to add in extemporaneous compounding of prescriptions
do medicated syrups contain medicinal substances?
yes (duh)
nonmedicated syrups examples
syrup/simple syrup
cherry syrup, orange syrup
cocoa syrup
raspberry syrup
oral-sweet/oral-sweet SF
syrup/simple syrup
basic for flavored or medicated syrups
cherry syrup/orange syrup
vehicles for drugs stable in acidic medium
cocoa syrup
administration bitter-tasting drugs for kids
raspberry syrup
to mask salty or sour taste of medications
oral-sweet/oral sweet SF
sugar free
advantages of medicated syrups (3)
pleasant taste of unpleasant-tasting drugs
little or no alcohol
used when patients (children, elderly) cannot swallow solid dosage forms (tablets, capsules)
appropriate viscosity of medicated drugs
improves palatability of oral liquid formulations
pleasant taste of medicated drugs gives us
desirable “mouth feel”
proper selection of syrup
solubility of a drug
stability
compatibility between the drug and the other components of syrup
syrups are stable in
aqueous solution
acidic, basic, neutral medium
sucrose-based syrups are
glycogenic compounds
glycogenic compounds are
materials that convert to glucose
(T/F) glycogenic compounds are 60-80% of the formulation
true
glycogenic compounds examples
sucrose (sugar)
sorbitol
glycerin
propylene glycol
sorbitol, glycerin, propylene glycol comparison to sucrose
60% as sweet as sucrose
glycogenic compounds are responsible for
proper viscosity, sweetness, and flavor
components of medicated sucrose-based syrups (8)
drug
purified water
cosolvent (alcohol) (if a drug is insoluble in water)
sugar (sucrose) or other glycogneetic compounds or syrup
antimicrobial preservative
flavorant
colorant
sucrose NF
simple syrup
simple syrup
solution of sucrose in purified water
85 g of sucrose to make
100 mL of syrup
does a simple syrup need additional preservation if it is used soon?
no
stable and resistant to growth of microorganisms
preservative are only for storage
why are simple syrups stable and resistant to microbial growth?
due to relative absence of water
(T/F) not all commercially available syrups are preserved
false
they are ALL preserved
saturated solution (syrup)
85 g of sucrose in less than 95 mL of syrup
can sucrose precipitate in saturated solution?
yes
is saturated solution suitable for microbial growth?
yes
Sucrose NF is used
as the basis for flavored or medicated syrups
sugar coating to tablets
Sorbitol NF is available as (2)
powder
70% Sorbitol Solution USP
is oral sorbitol a laxative?
yes
at dose more than 20g a day
can sucrose-based syrups be substituted?
yes
in whole or in part by other glycogenic compounds
antihistamine syrup
bolded components on the slide: glycerin, syrup, sorbitol solution
an example of a substitution
(T/F) non-sucrose-based syrups are for patients with controlled diet
true
non-sucrose-based syrups contain
artificial sweeteners
viscosity-inducing agents
artificial sweeteners
aspartame, saccharin
produce a taste of a true syrup
viscosity inducing agents
water-insoluble particles
hydrate strongly
syrup like vehicles with good viscosity
not absorbed into blood
example of viscosity inducing agents
methylcellulose
carboxymethylcellulose
hydroxyehtylcellulose
viscosity inducing agents are commercially available as
1% gel - liquid vehicle
5% gel - semisolid gel
components of medicated non-sucrose-based syrups (8)
drug
purified water
cosolvent (alcohol)
artificial sweetener or sugar-free syrup
viscosity inducing agent
antimicrobial preservative
flavorant
colorant
artificial sweetener vs. sucrose
sucrose provide sweetness and viscosity, artificial sweetener provides sweetness only
saccharin NF and Saccharin Sodium USP are
artificial sweeteners
saccharin sodium usp
500 times as sweet as sucrose
effective concentration: 0.02-0.5%
powder or soluble tablets
aspartame
closest to sugar’s taste out of all artificial sweeteners
good aqueous solubility
200 times sweeter than sucrose
syrup’s preservatives
benzoic acid/sodium benzoate 0.2%
combinations of methyl-, propyl- and butylparabens (total) 0.1%
alcohol 15-20% (free water)
high concentration of sucrose
store at low temperature
paraben stock solution
9% methyl- 1% propylparaben in proplyne glycol
2 mL of stock preserve 100 mL of drug
flavorants
syrup pleasant taste
water soluble
(T/F) small amount of alcohol can be added to a syrup to dissolve a poorly-water soluble flavorant
true
colorants
enhance the appeal of the syrup
color stable at pH range
should be correlated with the flavorant (pink-strawberry, brown-chocolate)
preparations of syrups
aid of heat
agitation or the simple admixture of liquid components
addition of sucrose to a medicated liquid/flavored liquid
are most official syrups available commercially?
yes
how do you store syrups?
tight containers
aid of heat
fast preparation
syrup’s components must NOT be heat sensitive solids
method for aid of heat
- add sugar to purified water and heat until sugar is dissolved
- add heat-stable components and adjust volume by adding purified water
- add heat labile or volatile compounds/liquids (flavoring oil, alcohol) after cooling
excessive heat
inverse sucrose (disaccharide) into dextrose and fructose (monosaccharides)
(T/F) speed of inversion increases in acidic medium
true
results of inversion
syrups are less stable due to demarcation and microbial growth
sweetness is altered
color is changed (amber color)
solution by agitation
avoid heat-induced inversion of sucrose
time consuming method
dissolution of solids in syrups is very slow
avoid heat-induced inversion of sucrose
product has maximum stability
time consuming method (agitation)
sucrose is added to purified water and agitated
other solid ingredients a re added to syrup and agitated
dissolution of solids in syrups is very slow
viscosity of syrups
limited amount of water
mixture of liquid components
dissolve drug in SMALL amount of water, incorporate solution into syrup
other liquids can be added to non-medicated syrup, mix to uniform product
addition of sucrose to medicated/flavored liquid
preparation of medicated liquids
miscible medicated liquids should be added directly to simple or flavored syrup
example: ipecac syrup
preparation of medicated liquids
tinctures
extracts
ipecac syrup is for
emetic, management of poisoning
ipecac syrup preparation
active alkaloids extracted from powdered ipecac by percolation with hydroalcoholic solvent
addition of syrup and glycerin
active alkaloids
emetine, cephalic, psychotrine
types of medicated syrups
analgesic
antiviral
antihistamines
antipsychotic
analgesic
meperidine HCL - demerol
antiviral
lamividine - epivir
ritonavir - norvir
antihistamiens
hydroxyzine HCL - atarax syrup
antipsychotic
citalopram - celexa
