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Pharmaceutics 2 > suspensions > Flashcards

suspensions Flashcards

1
Q

dispersed system

A

type of liquid preparation containing undissolved or immiscible drug distributed throughout a vehicle

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2
Q

distributed substance

A

dispersed phase

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3
Q

vehicle

A

dispersing phase or dispersion medium

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4
Q

label for dispersed system

A

shake well

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5
Q

coarse dispersions contain ___ particles while fine dispersions contain ___ particles

A

large (10 to 50 mum)
small (0.5 - 10 mum)

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6
Q

coarse dispersions

A

suspensions
emulsions

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7
Q

fine dispersions

A

magmas
gels

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8
Q

suspensions

A

pharmaceutical liquid preparations containing solid drug particles dispersed in a liquid phase in which the particle are not soluble (USP)

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9
Q

solid drug particles

A

dispersed phase, suspenoid

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10
Q

liquid phase

A

dispersion medium

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11
Q

suspensions are different from solutions

A

in solution dissolved substance (solute) is not a solid

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12
Q

suspension is a liquid therapy

A

flexible in administration of a range of doses
easy to swallow (infants, children, elderly)

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13
Q

pharmaceutical suspension has to possess (4)

A

therapeutic efficacy
chemical stability
permanency of preparation (physical stability)
esthetic appeal

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14
Q

suspension: routes of administration (4)

A

oral
topical
ophthalmic
parenteral

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15
Q

when a drug is an insoluble solute

A

chloramphenicol palmitate (insoluble) suspension
chloramphenicol (soluble) solution

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16
Q

when a drug is unstable in solution

A

oxytetracycline solution

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17
Q

suspension formulation

A

when a drug is an insoluble solute
when a drug is unstable in solution
when bad taste of some drugs should be overcome

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18
Q

pharmaceutical suspension contains

A

large solid drug particles

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19
Q

sedimentation

A

solids in suspension tend to settle slowly and readily redisperse upon shaking

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20
Q

(T/F) uniform redistribution of solid particles is very important to accurate administration of doses

A

true

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21
Q

redistribution of solid particles is accomplished by

A

moderate agitation

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22
Q

does pharmaceutical suspension pour readily and evenly from container?

A

yes

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23
Q

cake

A

rigid cohesion of particles
resists breakdown upon shaking

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24
Q

(T/F) shape and size of particle do not affect shaking

A

false, they affect it
barrel-shaped particles produce more stable suspension than needle-shaped particles

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25
Q

caking requires

A

time to develop
conservative beyond-use date should be considered for suspensions

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26
Q

flocculation can

A

prevent caking
it enhances particle “dispersability”

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27
Q

flocculation polymers

A

nonionic cationic anionic

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28
Q

flocculation gives

A

a loose aggregation of particles held together by weak bounds

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29
Q

flocs resist

A

complete settling

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30
Q

(T/F) flocculated particles settle faster than fine particles

A

true

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31
Q

floc aggregates can be

A

break up easily and distribute readily with a small agitation

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32
Q

(T/F) it is possible to completely prevent settling of solid particles in a suspension

A

false, IMPOSSIBLE to prevent
but the rate of sedimentation can be controlled

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33
Q

stoke’s law

A

determining what parameters should be controlled to decrease sedimentation rate in a suspension

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34
Q

sedimentation rate can be decreased by

A

reducing particle size
increasing viscosity of suspension

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35
Q

increasing viscosity of suspension

A
  1. sucrose, sorbitol, glycerin (oral suspension)
  2. viscosity inducing agents
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36
Q

viscosity-inducing agents

A

acacia, methylcellulose, carbomer

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37
Q

too viscous dispersion medium

A

difficult to redisperse
difficult to pour

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38
Q

zeta potential

A

voltage difference between ions in tightly bound layer and electro neutral region

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39
Q

magnitude of zeta potential

A

gives indication of stability of dispersion system

40
Q

if all particles in suspension have a large negative or positive zeta potential

A

particles tend to repel each other
no tendency for particle to come together

41
Q

if particle have low a negative or positive zeta potential

A

no force to prevent particles coming together

42
Q

unstable suspension

A

zeta potential between -30 mV and +30 mV

43
Q

stable suspension

A

zeta potential more positive than 30+ mV and more negative than -30 mV

44
Q

dispersed phased can be adjusted for better stability

A

small size of particles

reducing particle size too much should be avoided
very fine particles can form a compact cake

45
Q

very fine particles can form a compact cake

A

uniformity of particles size
shape of particles
separation of particle (flocculation)

46
Q

dispersion medium can be adjusted

A

increase viscosity of dispersion medium

47
Q

commercially available suspensions

A

micropulverization
fluid energy grinding/jet milling/micronizing
spray-drying

48
Q

micropulverization

A

produces fine drug powder

oral and topical suspensions

49
Q

fluid energy grinding/jet milling/micronizing

A

produces finer particles

parenteral and ophthalmic suspensions

50
Q

spray-drying produces

A

very small particles

51
Q

compounded suspension

A

trituration

52
Q

micropulverizer

A

consists of a rotor assembly fitted with beaters and operates at high speed

53
Q

the grinding section in the mill is
(micropulverizer)

A

impact between rapidly moving beaters and particles

54
Q

grinding (4)

A

size reduction
high rotor speeds
accurate control of particle size and distribution
medium to fine size reduction

55
Q

size reduction
(grinding)

A

impact of particles on the rotating grinding surfaces and on fixed liner, or grinding track

56
Q

rotating grinding surfaces

A

hammers or pins

57
Q

spray-drying (4)

A

drug solution is preyed into cone-shaped apparatus
rapidly dried by circulating warm dry air
resulting dry powder is collecting
extremely small particles

58
Q

ingredients in suspension (8)

A

drug
wetting agents
suspending agents (viscosity-inducing agent)
flocculating agents
preservatives
flavorants
sweeteners
colorants

59
Q

flavorants, sweeteners, and colorants are found in ___ suspension

60
Q

suspensions for neonates should NOT include

A

preservatives, alcohol, colors, flavors
due to their adverse effects

61
Q

active ingredient (4)

A

hydrophobic powders
hydrophilic powders
manufactured tablets
manufactured capsules

62
Q

hydrophobic powders

A

not wet by water
wetting agent

63
Q

hydrophilic powders

A

wet easily by water
no special additives

64
Q

wetting agents

A

hydroscopic liquids

65
Q

wetting agents are used to

A

wet hydrophobic powders

66
Q

how do wetting agents wet hydrophobic powders?

A

displace air in particles
disperse particles
allow penetration of dispersion medium into powder

67
Q

wetting agents examples (4)

A

2-5%

alcohol
glycerin
propylene glycol
surfactants

68
Q

suspending agents (SA)

A

thicken (increase viscosity) dispersion medium (avoid rapid settling)

69
Q

viscosity-inducing agents examples (4)

A

1%

carboxymethylcellulose
methylcellulose
microcrystalline cellulose
polyvinyl pyrrolidone

70
Q

suspending agents (polymers, colloids) can

A

bind certain drugs, changing their availability

tests must be performed to check availability of drugs

71
Q

amount of SA must NOT be such

A

to make the suspension too viscous

72
Q

flocculating agents can be used to improve

A

physical stability of suspension (floc formation)

73
Q

flocculating agents example (3)

A

2%

clays (bentonite magma)
electrolytes
surfactants

74
Q

surfactants are can be ___ and ___

A

nonionic
ionic

75
Q

syringeability of parenteral can be

A

less with addition of floc
alternation in pH of parenteral suspensions

76
Q

preparation of suspensions from powders (5)

A
  1. wetting agent is mixed with powder (hydrophobic)
  2. dispersion medium is added in portions to powder
  3. mixture is thoroughly blended before next addition of vehicle
  4. portion of vehicle is used to wash mixing equipment
  5. portion of vehicle brings suspension to final volume
77
Q

portion of vehicle is used to wash mixing equipment

A

to ensure correct drug concentration in suspension

78
Q

preparation of suspensions from capsules & tablets (3)

A
  1. content of capsules are emptied into a mortar OR tablets crushed into mortar
  2. selected vehicle is slowly added and mixed with powder to create a paste
  3. paste is diluted to final volume with the vehicle
79
Q

selected vehicle for preparation of suspensions from capsules & tablets

A

contains all soluble components: colorants, flavorants, preservatives

80
Q

stability of suspensions

A

physical
chemical
microbial

81
Q

physical stability

A

suspensions are physically unstable systems
beyond-use dated should be conservative

82
Q

chemical stability of ingredients

A

USP, Vol 1, Trissel’s Stability of Compounded Formulations

83
Q

if stability of ingredients is not know, what is the maximum dating for all water-containing preparations?
USP, chapter [795]

A

maximum 14-day dating

84
Q

microbial activity

A

saturated solution of preservatives

85
Q

packaging and storage

A

wide-mouth containers (easy pouring)

86
Q

containers

A

adequate airspace above the liquid
tight, light-resistant
protected form freezing and excessive heat

87
Q

why is there adequate airspace above the liquid?

A

to permit mixing by shaking

88
Q

which suspensions are stored in refrigerator?

89
Q

(T/F) you do not need to shake suspensions before use

A

false
suspensions must be shaken before use
auxiliary label: SHAKE WELL

90
Q

types of suspensions (3)

A

ready-to-use
dry powders “for Oral Suspension”
extemporaneously compounded

91
Q

dry powders “for Oral Suspension”
components

A

drug, suspending agents, colorants, flavorants, sweeteners, stabilizing agents

92
Q

how are dry powders “for Oral Suspension” dispensed by pharmacist?

A

mixture is diluted and agitated with specified quantity of vehicle (purified water)

93
Q

examples of dry powders “for Oral Suspension”

A

amoxicillin for oral suspension, USP (antibiotics
cholistyramine (management of high cholesterol level)

94
Q

many oral suspensions are prepared in

A

flavored, sweetened, colored syrups

95
Q

examples of oral suspensions

A

acetaminophen
antacid

96
Q

usual adult dose of oral suspensions

A

5 mL (1 tsp)

97
Q

pediatric dose of oral suspensions

A

dose-calibrated number of drops

some containers include a calibrated dropper or build-in dropper device

Pharmaceutics 2 (5 decks)

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