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hydroalcoholic solutions Flashcards

1
Q

elixirs

A

clear, sweetened, flavored hydroalcoholic solutions for oral use

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2
Q

advantages of elixirs

A

flexibility of doses
easy of dosage administration

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3
Q

disadvantages of elixirs

A

high concentration of alcohol
contraindicated in patients on antabuse-like activity (disulfiram)
drugs causing drowsiness mixed with alcohol cause reaction

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4
Q

drugs causing drowsiness mixed with alcohol

A

metronidazole (antibacterial)
chlorpropamide (antidiabetic)

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5
Q

elixirs (comparing to syrups) (5)

A

higher proportion of alcohol
less sweet and viscous
maintain water-soluble and alcohol-soluble components better
stable characteristics
easy to prepare (simple solution)

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6
Q

solvents

A

water
alcohol
glycerin
propylene glycol

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7
Q

alcohol as a solvent

A

each elixir requires a specific blend of alcohol and water to maintain all the components in solution

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8
Q

glycerin and propylene glycol as solvents

A

adjunctive solvents

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9
Q

sweeteners

A

sucrose/sucrose syrup
sorbitol/sorbitol solution
propylene glycol
artificial sweeteners (saccharin)

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10
Q

propylene glycol (sweetener)

A

elixirs with low alcoholic content (syrups take volume)
concentration of alcohol should be slightly higher solubility

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11
Q

saccharin (artificial sweetener)

A

elixirs with high alcoholic content (not always)

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12
Q

are there flavoring and coloring agents in elixirs?

A

yes

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13
Q

(T/F) elixirs are self-preserving

A

True
Elixirs contain more than 12% of alcohol

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14
Q

types of elixirs

A

non-medicated
medicated

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15
Q

which elixirs are vehicles?

A

non-medicated

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16
Q

non-medicated elixirs

A

pleasant-tasting vehicles for therapeutic agents
diluents for existing medicated elixirs
all components should be chemically and physically compatible

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17
Q

non-medicated elixirs as diluents for medicated elixirs

A

similar alcohol concentrations are required

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18
Q

non-medicated elixirs examples

A

aromatic elixir
benzaldehyde elixir
isoalcoholic elixir

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19
Q

medicated elixirs

A

contain a single drug product

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20
Q

is it easy to change dose in medicated elixirs?

A

yes

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21
Q

medicated elixirs examples

A

antihistamine elixir (allergy relief)
barbiturate sedative &hypnotic elixirs (phenobarbital elixir) (CNS-depression)
digoxin elixir (cardiotonic glycoside)

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22
Q

phenobarbital elixir (20mg/5mL)

A

sedative (dose 30 mg)
hypnotic (dose 100 mg)

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23
Q

formulation for phenobarbital elixir

A

drug: phenobarbital
solvent: alcohol
cosolvent: propylene glycol
sweetened vehicle: sorbitol solution
flavor: orange oil
color
purified water, to make

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24
Q

solubility of phenobarbital in water

A

1g/L

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25
(T/F) amount of alcohol is minimum required to keep phenobarbital in solution
true
26
is propylene glycol added to enhance the solubility of phenobarbital?
yes
27
(T/F) digoxin is poisonous
true
28
solubility of digoxin (0.25mg/5mL)
insoluble in water soluble in alcohol
29
is digoxin for children?
yes adults prefer tablets
30
bioavailability problems of digoxin
better bioavailability than solid dosage forms (tablets) one drug product should not be changed to another product
31
preparation of elixirs
simple solution with agitation admixture two or more liquid ingredients final product can be cloudy elixirs are permitted to stand for few hours elixirs have to be filtered
32
admixture two or more liquid ingredients
alcohol-soluble and water-soluble components dissolved separately aqueous solution not added to alcoholic (maintain highest alcoholic strength) specific solvent or vehicle
33
final product can be cloudy due to
separation of some of the flavoring oils (reduced alcoholic concentration)
34
elixirs are permitted to stand for few hours
to permit the oil particles to coalesce
35
elixirs have to be filtered
talc (filtrating agent) absorbs the excessive oil
36
adult dose of an elixir
one tsp two tsps calibrated devices (preferably) calibrated droppers with a glassful of water
37
storage elixirs
tight, light-resistant containers protected form excessive heat
38
tinctures and spirits are
alcoholic and hydro alcoholic solutions
39
tincture
alcoholic extract or solution of a non-volatile substance
40
extract
of leaves or other plant material
41
non-volatile substance
of iodine, mercurochrome
42
alcohol in tincture
ethanol percentage 40-60% (up ti 90%)
43
cosolvents (tincture)
vinegar glycerol ether (not suitable for oral administration) propylene glycol
44
(T/F) tinctures are an incredibly effective method for administering a medicinal herb
true
45
simple solution
chemical substances (iodine tincture)
46
extraction
withdrawal of desired compounds from plant material by the use of the selected solvents in which the desired compounds are soluble
47
extraction methods
percolation maceration
48
percolation another name
belladonna tincture
49
maceration another name
sweet orange peel tincture
50
percolation
drug is extracted by the slow passage of a suitable solvent through a column (percolator) with the drug source
51
maceration
crude drug is permitted to soak in the menstrual (solvent system) until the soluble components are dissolved drug is placed in a porous cloth bag and suspended in the menstrual with occasional dipping
52
drugs containing little or no cellular material
benzoin, aloe
53
(T/F) for drugs containing little or no cellular material, maceration is not the most efficient method of extraction
false it is the most efficient method
54
solvent mix of each tincture
is important in maintaining stability of the product
55
can tinctures be mixed with liquids too diverse in solvent character?
no solute can precipitate (Benzoin tincture)
56
types of medicated tinctures
oral topical
57
oral tinctures
paregoric, USP opium tincture, USP antidiarrheal and analgesic properties
58
oral tinctures are for patients
who prefer to take tablets capsules or sweet elixirs or syrups
59
paregoric, USP
camphorated tincture of opium
60
opium tincture, USP
Laudanum contains 25 times more morphine than Paregoric
61
topical tinctures
benzoin tincture iodine tincture
62
administration of tinctures
oral topical
63
oral administration of tinctures
usually ingested by adding drops to a glass of water
64
oral dose for children
5-10 drops
65
oral dose for adults
10-40 drops
66
spirits
alcoholic or hydro alcoholic solutions of aromatic or volatile substances
67
alcohol concentration in spirits
over 60%
68
concentration of aromatic and/or volatile compounds in spirits
high
69
spirits mixed with water form
a milky preparation volatile substances separate from solution
70
spirits are used as
flavoring agents preparation of aromatic drugs
71
administration of spirits
oral (mixed with water) topical inhalation
72
methods of preparation for spirits
simple solution maceration distillation
73
official spirits
aromatic ammonia spirit camphor spirit compound orange spirit peppermint spirit
74
storage of tinctures and spirits
tightly stoppered not exposed to heat and sunlight light-resistant container
75
topical solutions administration
ONLY topical administration (duh)
76
auxiliary label for topical solutions
external use only
77
is there a dye in topical solutions?
yes to define the application are (anti-infective)
78
packaging of topical solutions
glass or plastic bottles with applicator tip as a part of the bottle cap plastic squeeze bottles deliver medications in drops
79
examples of topical solutions
aluminum acetate (Burrow's solution) aluminum sub acetate (modified Burrow's solution, stronger) calcium hydroxide (limewater) astringents (dermatologic solutions, lotions
80
limewater (calcium hydroxide topical solution)
saturated solution of Ca(OH)2 in water only supernatant (upper)liquids should be used
81
(T/F)
Ca(OH)2 is less soluble in hot than cold water
82
coal tar topical solution (LCD)
black viscous liquid specific naphthalene-like odor sharp, burning taste alcoholic solution of coal tar
83
alcoholic solution of coal tar
20% coal tar 5% polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) surfactant
84
preparation of coal tar topical solution
maceration (soaking of coal tar in alcohol)
85
coal tar topical solution is used for
treatment of chronic skin conditions dilution with 9 volumes of water
86
dilution with 9 volumes of water
10 mL LCD + 90 mL H2O = 100 mL
87
iodine solution
Lugol's solution 1%,2%,5% iodine
88
Lugol's solution is
solution of elemental iodine and potassium iodide in water
89
Lugol's solution characteristics
antiseptic and disinfectant disinfection of drinking water replenish iodine deficiency block radioactive iodine uptake
90
does iodine have very low aqueous solubility?
yes use Ki to increase solubility I2 + KI = KI^3 triiodide (I-3)
91
5% Lugol's solution
5% (wt/v) iodine I2 and 10% (wt/v) potassium iodide KI
92
other topical solutions
hydrogen peroxide (peroxide) chlorhexidine gluconate (peridex) privodone iodine (betanide solution) thimerosal thimerosal tinture
93
hydrogen peroxide (peroxide)
2.5-3.5% H2O2 local anti-infective, wounds cleanser
94
chlorhexidine gluconate (peridex)
4% oral rinse formation of yellow-brown stains on the teeth
95
privodone iodine (betanide solution)
10% antiseptic solution
96
thimerosal
0.1% dilute 1:5000 to apply to mucous membranes
97
thimerosal tinture
50% alcohol antibacterial agent preservative light-sensitive (light-resistant container)
98
topical tinctures
iodine tincture compound benzoin tincture
99
iodine tincture
household first aid local anti-infective applied to skin
100
is iodine tincture the same as iodine solution?
no! tow different things
101
compound benzoin tincture
Swedish balsam, Jerusalem balsam, Persian balsam protectant of skin inhalant in bronchitis (1 tsp added to 1 pint of boiling water) vehicle for podophyllum
102
topical oral (dental) solutions (8)
benzocaine lidocaine oral spray eugenol camphorated parachlorophenol carbamide peroxide certylpyridinium chloride erythrosine sodium sodium fluoride oral solution
103
benzocaine lidocaine oral spray
anesthetics
104
eugenol
analgesic
105
camphorated parachlorophenol carbamide peroxide certylpyridinium chloride
dental anti-infective
106
erythrosine sodium
diagnostic aid
107
sodium fluoride oral solution
caries prophylactic
108
miscellaneous solutions
aromatic waters diluted acids
109
aromatic waters
aqueous solutions saturated with aromatic or volatile compounds perfuming flavoring
110

Pharmaceutics 2 (5 decks)

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