Synthetic routes- reactions and conditions Flashcards
dihalogenoalkane to diol
- Aqeous KOH
- heat under reflux
- nucleophilic substitution
alkene to dihalogenoalkane
- X2
- room temp
- electrophilic addition
alkene to polyalkene
- high pressure
- catalyst
alkane to halogenoalkane
- X2
- U.V light
- free radical substitution
alkene to halogenoalkane
- HBr or HCl
- room temp
- electrophilic addition
halogenoalkane to alkene
- ethanolic KOH
- heat under reflux
- elimination
halogenoalkane to alcohol
- aqeous KOH
- heat under reflux
- nucleophilic substitution
alkene to alcohol
- Step 1: conc sulfuric acid, electrophilic addition
- Step 2: H2O warm, hydrolysis
alcohol to alkene
- concentrated sulfuric acid or concentrated phoisphoric acid
- elimination/dehydration
halogenoalkane to primary amine
- Alcoholic (ethanolic) ammonia
- heat under pressure
- nucleophilic subsitution
halogenoalkane to nitrile
- KCN in ethanol/water
- heat under reflux
- nucleophilic substitution
nitrile to primary amine
- LiAlH4 in ether (or H2 and nickel)
- reduction
primary amine to secondary/tertiary amine
- halogenoalkane
- nucleophilic substitution
primary amine to secondary amide/N-substituted amide
- acyl chloride
- room temp
- nucleophilic addition-elimination
alcohol to ester
- carboxylic acid & H2SO4
- heat
- esterification
ketone to alcohol
- NaBH4
- reduction
- nucleophilic addition
secondary alcohol to ketone
- H+/Na2Cr2O7
- heat
- oxidation
primary alchohol to aldehyde
- H+/Na2Cr2O7
- heat and distill
- partial oxidation
aldehyde to alcohol
- NaBH4
- reduction
- nucleophilic addition
ketone to hydroxynitrile
- NaCN and sulfuric acid
- Nucleophilic addition
aldehyde to hydroxynitrile
- NaCN and sulphuric acid
- nucleophilic addition
aldehyde to carboxylic acid
- H+/k2Cr2O7
- heat under reflux
- excess oxidising agent
oxidation
primary alcohol to carboxylic acid
- H+/k2Cr2O7
- heat under reflux
- excess oxidising agent
oxidation
carboxylic acid to ester
- Alchohol and conc sulphuric acid
- heat
- esterification
acyl chloride/acid anhydride to ester
- alcohol
- room temp
- nucleophilic addition-elimination
acyl chloride/acid anhydride to carboxylic acid
- H20
- room temp
- nucleophilic addition-elimination
acyl chloride/acid anhydride to primary amide
- ammonia
- room temp
- nucleophilic addition-elimination
acyl chloride/acid anhydride to secondary amide
- primary amine
- room temp
- nucleophilic addition-elimination
ester to alchohol and sodium carboxylate salt
- dilute aqeous NaOH
- heat under reflux
- hydrolysis
- saponification (as salt is produced)
benzene to nitrobenzene
- conc nitric acid and conc sulphuric acid
- electrophilic substitution
nitrobenzene to phenylamine
- Sn and HCl
- reduction
phenylamine to secondary amine
- haloalkane
- nucleophilic subsitution
phenylamine to N-subsituted amide with phenyl group
- acyl chloride
- nucleophilic addition-elimination
benzene to acylated benzene
- acyl chloride
- anhyydrous aluminium chloride catalyst
- electrophilic subsitution
