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Chemistry > Synthetic routes - conditions, reagents, catalysts etc > Flashcards

Synthetic routes - conditions, reagents, catalysts etc Flashcards

1
Q

alkane to haloalkane

A
  • radical substitution
  • halogen
  • UV light
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2
Q

alkene to alkane

A
  • hydrogenation
  • hydrogen gas
  • nickel catalyst
  • 150 degrees C
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3
Q

alkene to haloalkane

A
  • halogenation and electrophilic addition
  • halogen / hydrogen halide
  • (test for saturation)
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4
Q

haloalkane to nitrile

A
  • nucleophilic substitution
  • KCN or NaCN in ethanol
  • reflux
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5
Q

nitrile to amine

A
  • reduction
  • hydrogen gas
  • nickel catalyst
  • 150 degrees C and raised pressure
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6
Q

haloalkane to amine

A
  • nucleophilic substitution
  • sealed tube and heat (not reflux)
  • NH3
  • ethanol (solvent)
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7
Q

haloalkane to alcohol

A
  • NaOH
  • reflux at 50 degrees C
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8
Q

alcohol to haloalkane

A
  • heat
  • hydrogen halide or halide salt (forms hydrogen halide in situ)
  • conc H2SO4 catalyst (if iodide then H3PO4)
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9
Q

alkene to alcohol

A
  • hydration
  • steam
  • H3PO4 catalyst
  • 65 atm and 300 degrees C
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10
Q

alcohol to alkene

A
  • dehydration
  • H3PO4 or H2SO4 catalyst
  • 170 degrees C
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11
Q

secondary alcohol to ketone

A
  • oxidation
  • K2Cr2O7
  • H2SO4 catalyst
  • reflux
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12
Q

ketone to secondary alcohol

A
  • reduction
  • NaBH4
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13
Q

alcohol to ester

A
  • esterification
  • carboxylic acid or acid anyhydride or acyl chloride
  • H2SO4 catalyst
  • reflux
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14
Q

primary alcohol to aldehyde

A
  • oxidation
  • K2Cr2O7
  • distillation
  • H2SO4 catalyst
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15
Q

aldehyde to primary alcohol

A
  • reduction
  • NaBH4
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16
Q

ketone to hydroxynitrile

A
  • nucleophilic addition
  • NaCN or HCN
17
Q

aldehyde to hydroxynitrile

A
  • nucleophilic addition
  • NaCN or HCN
18
Q

aldehyde to carboxylic acid

A
  • oxidation
  • reflux
  • K2Cr2O7
  • H2SO4 catalyst
19
Q

primary alcohol to carboxylic acid

A
  • oxidation
  • reflux
  • K2Cr2O7
  • H2SO4 catalyst
20
Q

carboxylic acid to ester

A
  • esterification
  • alcohol
  • reflux
  • H2SO4 catalyst
21
Q

ester to carboxylic acid

A
  • acid hydrolysis
  • dilute acid
  • reflux
22
Q

hydroxynitrile to amine

A
  • hydrogen gas
  • nickel catalyst
23
Q

hydroxynitrile to carboxylic acid

A
  • acid hydrolysis
  • H2O and HCl
  • heat
    (also forms ammonium salt)
24
Q

nitrile to carboxylic acid

A
  • acid hydrolysis
  • H2O and HCl
  • heat
    (also forms ammonium salt)
25
Q

ester to carboxylate

A
  • NaOH
  • reflux
26
Q

acyl chloride to ester

A
  • esterification
  • alcohol
27
Q

acyl chloride to carboxylic acid

A
  • hydrolysis
  • H2O
28
Q

carboxylic acid to acyl chloride

A
  • SOCl2
  • distillation to separate products
29
Q

acyl chloride to primary amide

A
  • conc NH3 solution
30
Q

acyl chloride to secondary amide

A
  • primary amine

Chemistry (17 decks)

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