Synthetic Routes Flashcards
Aldehyde to carboxylic acid reagents
Potassium dichromate in sulphuric acid
Aldehyde to carboxylic acid conditions
Warm under reflux
Aldehyde to carboxylic acid observation
Orange to green
Aldehyde to carboxylic acid type of reaction
Oxidation
Carbonyl to alcohol reagents
NaBH4 (aq)
Carbonyl to alcohol conditions
Room temperature
Carbonyl to alcohol mechanism
Nucleophilic addition
Carbonyl to alcohol type of reaction
Reduction
Carbonyl to hydroxynitrile reaction
Addition
Carbonyl to hydroxynitrile reagents
NaCN and HCl (aq)
Carbonyl to hydroxynitrile conditions
Room temperature
Acid-base: carboxylic acid with sodium hydroxide reagent
NaOH
Acid-base: carboxylic acids with sodium hydroxide conditions
Room temperature
Carbonyl to hydroxynitrile mechanism
Nucleophilic addition
Acid-base: carboxylic acids with sodium carbonate reagent
Na2CO3
Acid-base: carboxylic acid with sodium carbonate conditions
Room temperature
Acid-base: carboxylic acids with sodium hydroxide products
Salt and water
Acid-base: carboxylic acids with sodium carbonate products
Salt, water and carbon dioxide gas
Acid-base: carboxylic acids with sodium carbonate observations
Colourless has evolved which turns limewater milky
Acid-base: carboxylate salt with acids reagent
HCl (aq)
Acid-base: carboxylate salts with acids conditions
Room temperature
Acid-base: carboxylate salt waits acid products
Carboxylic acid
Estérification reagents
Any alcohol and carboxylic acid, concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst
Estérification conditions
Heat and reflux
Estérification products
Ester and water
Estérification mechanism
Nucleophilic addition/elimination
Acid hydrolysis of esters reagent
Dilute sulphuric acid
Acid hydrolysis of esters conditions
Heat under reflux
Acid hydrolysis of esters products
Carboxylic acid and water
Another name for alkaline hydrolysis
Saponification
Is saponification réversible or irreversible?
Irreversible
Alkaline hydrolysis reagent
NaOH(aq)
Alkaline hydrolysis conditions
Heat under reflux
Alkaline hydrolysis products
Carboxylate salt and an alcohol
Acylation with water products
Carboxylic acid and HCl
Acylation with water conditions
Room temperature
Acylation with water observation
White misty fumes of HCl
Acylation with water mechanism
Nucleophilic addition-elimination
Acylation with ammonia products
Amide and HCl
Acylation with ammonia conditions
Room temperature
Acylation with ammonia observation
White misty fumes
Acylation with ammonia mechanism
Nucleophilic addition-elimination
Acylation with alcohol products
Ester and HCl
Acylation with alcohol conditions
Room temperature
Acylation with alcohols observation
White misty fumes
Acylation with alcohols mechanism
Nucleophilic addition-elimination
Acylation with primary amines products
N substituted amide and HCl
Acylation with primary amines observations
White misty fumes
Acylation with primary amines mechanism
Nucleophilic addition-elimination
Haloalkane to primary amine reagents
Haloalkane and excess ammonia
Haloalkane to primary amine conditions
Heat with excess ethanol
What do you do after heating a haloalkane with excess ethanol when trying to make a primary amine?
Add NaOH
Haloalkane to primary amine product before adding NaOH
Ammonium salt with 3H attaches to the N
Haloalkane to primary amine final product
Primary amine, NaCl and water
Haloalkane to secondary amine reagents
Haloalkane and primary amine
Haloalkane to secondary amine conditions
Heat
What do you do after heating the haloalkane when trying to make a secondary amine?
Add NaOH
What is the product when going from a haloalkane to a secondary amine before adding NaOH?
An ammonium salt with 2H attached to the N
Haloalkane to secondary amine final products
Secondary amine, NaCl and water
Haloalkane to secondary amine mechanism
Nucleophilic substitution
Haloalkane to primary amine mechanism
Nucleophilic subsititution
Haloalkane to tertiary amine reagents
Haloalkane and secondary amine
Haloalkane to tertiary amine conditions
Heat
What do you get after heating a haloalkane and a secondary amine together?
An ammonium salt with one H attached to the N
What do you add to the ammonium salt formed from the haloalkane and secondary amine?
NaOH
Haloalkane to tertiary amine final products
Tertiary amine, NaCl and water
Reagents for the formation of nitriles
Haloalkane and metal cyanide
Mechanism for formation of nitriles
Nucleophilic substitution
Haloalkane to tertiary amine mechanism
Nucleophilic substitution
Nitrile to primary amine type of reaction
Reduction
Nitrile to primary amine reagents
Hydrogen and nickel catalyst
Nitrile to primary amine conditions
Heat
Amines with acids products
An ammonium salt with chlorine
Alkyl ammonium salts with alkalis products
Amine, NaCl and water
Amino acids with acids reagents
HCl
Amino acids with acids conditions
Room temperature
Amino acid with alkalis reagents
NaOH
Amino acids with alkalis conditions
Room temperature
Acid-base réactions of amino acids mechanism
Nucleophilic addition elimination
Condensation reaction of amino acids products
A polymer and water
Hydrolysis of proteins reagents
6mol dm-3 HCl
Hydrolysis of proteins conditions
Heat, reflux
Condensation reactions of amino acids mechanism
Nucleophilic addition elimination
Addition polymerisation mechanism
Free radical addition
Addition polymerisation conditions
High temperature with a Ziegle-Natte catalyst
Polyester reagents
Dicarboxylic acid and a diol
Or diacyl chloride and a diol
Polyester made from a dicarboxylic acid and diol conditions
H2SO4 heat under reflux
Polyester from a diacyl chloride and a diol conditions
Room temperature
Polyamide reagents
Dicarboxylic acid and a diamine
Or diacyl chloride and a diamine
Polyamide from a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine conditions
Warm under reflux
Polyamide from a diacyl chloride and a diamine conditions
Room temperature
Condensation polymerisation mechanism
Nucleophilic addition elimination
Hydrolysis of polyesters reagents
NaOH aq
Hydrolysis of polyesters conditions
Heat
Hydrolysis of polyesters products
Dicarboxylate salt, diol and water
Hydrolysis of polyamides reagents
HCl aq
Hydrolysis of polyamides conditions
Heat
Polyester from a dicarboxylic acid and a diol products
Polyester and 2n-1 H2O
Polyester from a diacyl chloride and a diol products
Polyester and 2n-1 HCl
Polyamide from a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine products
Polyamide and 2n-1 H2O
Polyamide from a diacyl chloride and a diamine products
Polyamide and 2n-1 HCl
Nitration of benzene reagents
Conc HNO3 in conc H2SO4
Nitration of benzene conditions
50-55 degrees C under reflux
Nitration of benzene mechanism
Electrophilic substitution
Alkylation of benzene reagent
Chloroalkane with anhydrous AlCl3
Or alkene with anhydrous AlCl3 and HCl
Alkylation of benzene conditions
50 degrees C under reflux
Alkylation of benzene mechanism
Electrophilic substitution
Acylation of benzene product
Phenylketone
Acylation of benzene reagent
Acyl chloride and anhydrous AlCl3
Acylation of benzene conditions
50 degrees C under reflux
Acylation of benzene mechanism
Electrophilic substitution
Reduction of nitrobenzene product
Phenylamine
Reduction of nitrobenzene reagents
Sn in conc HCl
Reduction of nitrobenzene conditions
Heat under reflux
Alkene to dihaloalkane reagent
X2
Alkene to dihaloalkane conditions
20 degrees C
Alkene to alkane reagents
H2 and nickel catalyst
Alkene to alkane conditions
150 degrees C
Alcohol to alkene reagents
Conc H2SO4 or H3PO4
Alcohol to alkene conditions
170 degrees C
Alkene to alcohol reagents
Steam
H3PO4 catalyst
Alkene to alcohol conditions
300 degrees C
60-70 atm
Alkane to haloalkane reagents
X2
Alkane to haloalkane conditions
UV light
Alkene to haloalkane reagents
Halogen halide
Alkene to haloalkane conditions
20 degrees C
Alcohol to haloalkane reagents
NaX
H2SO4
Alcohol to haloalkane conditions
20 degrees C
Haloalkane to alcohol reaction
Warm NaOH or KOH, H2O
Reflux
Haloalkane to nitrile reagents
NaCN or KCN
Ethanol
Haloalkane to nitrile conditions
Reflux
Haloalkane to amine reagents
Excess ethanolic ammonia (or amines)
Haloalkane to amine conditions
Heat
Nitrile to amine reagents when under reflux
LiAlH4 then dilute acid
Or Na and ethanol
Nitrile to amine reagents under high temperature and pressure
H2
Ni/Pt catalyst
Carboxylic acid to make an acyl chloride reagents
SOCl2
Acyl chloride to make a carboxylic acid reagents
Cold water
Nitrile to carboxylic acid reagents
Dilute HCl
Nitrile to carboxylic acid conditions
Reflux
Benzene to halobenzene reagents
X2
AlCl3 catalyst
Benzene to halobenzene conditions
Warm
Phenol to sodium phenoxide reagent
NaOH
Phenol to sodium phenoxide conditions
20 degrees C
Phenol to an Ester reagents
Acyl chloride
Phenol to an Ester conditions
29 degrees C
Phenol to 2 or 4-nitrolphenol reagents
Dilute HNO3
Phenol to 2 or 4-nitrophenol conditions
20 degrees C
Phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol reagents
Bromine water (Br2)
Phenol to 2,4,6-tribromoohenol conditions
20 degrees C
