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Chemistry > Synthetic Routes > Flashcards

Synthetic Routes Flashcards

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1
Q

Aldehyde to carboxylic acid reagents

A

Potassium dichromate in sulphuric acid

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2
Q

Aldehyde to carboxylic acid conditions

A

Warm under reflux

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3
Q

Aldehyde to carboxylic acid observation

A

Orange to green

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4
Q

Aldehyde to carboxylic acid type of reaction

A

Oxidation

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5
Q

Carbonyl to alcohol reagents

A

NaBH4 (aq)

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6
Q

Carbonyl to alcohol conditions

A

Room temperature

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7
Q

Carbonyl to alcohol mechanism

A

Nucleophilic addition

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8
Q

Carbonyl to alcohol type of reaction

A

Reduction

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9
Q

Carbonyl to hydroxynitrile reaction

A

Addition

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10
Q

Carbonyl to hydroxynitrile reagents

A

NaCN and HCl (aq)

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11
Q

Carbonyl to hydroxynitrile conditions

A

Room temperature

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12
Q

Acid-base: carboxylic acid with sodium hydroxide reagent

A

NaOH

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13
Q

Acid-base: carboxylic acids with sodium hydroxide conditions

A

Room temperature

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14
Q

Carbonyl to hydroxynitrile mechanism

A

Nucleophilic addition

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15
Q

Acid-base: carboxylic acids with sodium carbonate reagent

A

Na2CO3

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16
Q

Acid-base: carboxylic acid with sodium carbonate conditions

A

Room temperature

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17
Q

Acid-base: carboxylic acids with sodium hydroxide products

A

Salt and water

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18
Q

Acid-base: carboxylic acids with sodium carbonate products

A

Salt, water and carbon dioxide gas

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19
Q

Acid-base: carboxylic acids with sodium carbonate observations

A

Colourless has evolved which turns limewater milky

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20
Q

Acid-base: carboxylate salt with acids reagent

A

HCl (aq)

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21
Q

Acid-base: carboxylate salts with acids conditions

A

Room temperature

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22
Q

Acid-base: carboxylate salt waits acid products

A

Carboxylic acid

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23
Q

Estérification reagents

A

Any alcohol and carboxylic acid, concentrated sulphuric acid catalyst

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24
Q

Estérification conditions

A

Heat and reflux

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25
Q

Estérification products

A

Ester and water

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26
Q

Estérification mechanism

A

Nucleophilic addition/elimination

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27
Q

Acid hydrolysis of esters reagent

A

Dilute sulphuric acid

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28
Q

Acid hydrolysis of esters conditions

A

Heat under reflux

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29
Q

Acid hydrolysis of esters products

A

Carboxylic acid and water

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30
Q

Another name for alkaline hydrolysis

A

Saponification

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31
Q

Is saponification réversible or irreversible?

A

Irreversible

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32
Q

Alkaline hydrolysis reagent

A

NaOH(aq)

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33
Q

Alkaline hydrolysis conditions

A

Heat under reflux

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34
Q

Alkaline hydrolysis products

A

Carboxylate salt and an alcohol

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35
Q

Acylation with water products

A

Carboxylic acid and HCl

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36
Q

Acylation with water conditions

A

Room temperature

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37
Q

Acylation with water observation

A

White misty fumes of HCl

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38
Q

Acylation with water mechanism

A

Nucleophilic addition-elimination

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39
Q

Acylation with ammonia products

A

Amide and HCl

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40
Q

Acylation with ammonia conditions

A

Room temperature

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41
Q

Acylation with ammonia observation

A

White misty fumes

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42
Q

Acylation with ammonia mechanism

A

Nucleophilic addition-elimination

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43
Q

Acylation with alcohol products

A

Ester and HCl

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44
Q

Acylation with alcohol conditions

A

Room temperature

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45
Q

Acylation with alcohols observation

A

White misty fumes

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46
Q

Acylation with alcohols mechanism

A

Nucleophilic addition-elimination

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47
Q

Acylation with primary amines products

A

N substituted amide and HCl

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48
Q

Acylation with primary amines observations

A

White misty fumes

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49
Q

Acylation with primary amines mechanism

A

Nucleophilic addition-elimination

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50
Q

Haloalkane to primary amine reagents

A

Haloalkane and excess ammonia

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51
Q

Haloalkane to primary amine conditions

A

Heat with excess ethanol

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52
Q

What do you do after heating a haloalkane with excess ethanol when trying to make a primary amine?

A

Add NaOH

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53
Q

Haloalkane to primary amine product before adding NaOH

A

Ammonium salt with 3H attaches to the N

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54
Q

Haloalkane to primary amine final product

A

Primary amine, NaCl and water

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55
Q

Haloalkane to secondary amine reagents

A

Haloalkane and primary amine

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56
Q

Haloalkane to secondary amine conditions

A

Heat

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57
Q

What do you do after heating the haloalkane when trying to make a secondary amine?

A

Add NaOH

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58
Q

What is the product when going from a haloalkane to a secondary amine before adding NaOH?

A

An ammonium salt with 2H attached to the N

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59
Q

Haloalkane to secondary amine final products

A

Secondary amine, NaCl and water

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60
Q

Haloalkane to secondary amine mechanism

A

Nucleophilic substitution

61
Q

Haloalkane to primary amine mechanism

A

Nucleophilic subsititution

62
Q

Haloalkane to tertiary amine reagents

A

Haloalkane and secondary amine

63
Q

Haloalkane to tertiary amine conditions

A

Heat

64
Q

What do you get after heating a haloalkane and a secondary amine together?

A

An ammonium salt with one H attached to the N

65
Q

What do you add to the ammonium salt formed from the haloalkane and secondary amine?

A

NaOH

66
Q

Haloalkane to tertiary amine final products

A

Tertiary amine, NaCl and water

67
Q

Reagents for the formation of nitriles

A

Haloalkane and metal cyanide

68
Q

Mechanism for formation of nitriles

A

Nucleophilic substitution

69
Q

Haloalkane to tertiary amine mechanism

A

Nucleophilic substitution

70
Q

Nitrile to primary amine type of reaction

A

Reduction

71
Q

Nitrile to primary amine reagents

A

Hydrogen and nickel catalyst

72
Q

Nitrile to primary amine conditions

A

Heat

73
Q

Amines with acids products

A

An ammonium salt with chlorine

74
Q

Alkyl ammonium salts with alkalis products

A

Amine, NaCl and water

75
Q

Amino acids with acids reagents

A

HCl

76
Q

Amino acids with acids conditions

A

Room temperature

77
Q

Amino acid with alkalis reagents

A

NaOH

78
Q

Amino acids with alkalis conditions

A

Room temperature

79
Q

Acid-base réactions of amino acids mechanism

A

Nucleophilic addition elimination

80
Q

Condensation reaction of amino acids products

A

A polymer and water

81
Q

Hydrolysis of proteins reagents

A

6mol dm-3 HCl

82
Q

Hydrolysis of proteins conditions

A

Heat, reflux

83
Q

Condensation reactions of amino acids mechanism

A

Nucleophilic addition elimination

84
Q

Addition polymerisation mechanism

A

Free radical addition

85
Q

Addition polymerisation conditions

A

High temperature with a Ziegle-Natte catalyst

86
Q

Polyester reagents

A

Dicarboxylic acid and a diol

Or diacyl chloride and a diol

87
Q

Polyester made from a dicarboxylic acid and diol conditions

A

H2SO4 heat under reflux

88
Q

Polyester from a diacyl chloride and a diol conditions

A

Room temperature

89
Q

Polyamide reagents

A

Dicarboxylic acid and a diamine

Or diacyl chloride and a diamine

90
Q

Polyamide from a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine conditions

A

Warm under reflux

91
Q

Polyamide from a diacyl chloride and a diamine conditions

A

Room temperature

92
Q

Condensation polymerisation mechanism

A

Nucleophilic addition elimination

93
Q

Hydrolysis of polyesters reagents

A

NaOH aq

94
Q

Hydrolysis of polyesters conditions

A

Heat

95
Q

Hydrolysis of polyesters products

A

Dicarboxylate salt, diol and water

96
Q

Hydrolysis of polyamides reagents

A

HCl aq

97
Q

Hydrolysis of polyamides conditions

A

Heat

98
Q

Polyester from a dicarboxylic acid and a diol products

A

Polyester and 2n-1 H2O

99
Q

Polyester from a diacyl chloride and a diol products

A

Polyester and 2n-1 HCl

100
Q

Polyamide from a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine products

A

Polyamide and 2n-1 H2O

101
Q

Polyamide from a diacyl chloride and a diamine products

A

Polyamide and 2n-1 HCl

102
Q

Nitration of benzene reagents

A

Conc HNO3 in conc H2SO4

103
Q

Nitration of benzene conditions

A

50-55 degrees C under reflux

104
Q

Nitration of benzene mechanism

A

Electrophilic substitution

105
Q

Alkylation of benzene reagent

A

Chloroalkane with anhydrous AlCl3

Or alkene with anhydrous AlCl3 and HCl

106
Q

Alkylation of benzene conditions

A

50 degrees C under reflux

107
Q

Alkylation of benzene mechanism

A

Electrophilic substitution

108
Q

Acylation of benzene product

A

Phenylketone

109
Q

Acylation of benzene reagent

A

Acyl chloride and anhydrous AlCl3

110
Q

Acylation of benzene conditions

A

50 degrees C under reflux

111
Q

Acylation of benzene mechanism

A

Electrophilic substitution

112
Q

Reduction of nitrobenzene product

A

Phenylamine

113
Q

Reduction of nitrobenzene reagents

A

Sn in conc HCl

114
Q

Reduction of nitrobenzene conditions

A

Heat under reflux

115
Q

Alkene to dihaloalkane reagent

A

X2

116
Q

Alkene to dihaloalkane conditions

A

20 degrees C

117
Q

Alkene to alkane reagents

A

H2 and nickel catalyst

118
Q

Alkene to alkane conditions

A

150 degrees C

119
Q

Alcohol to alkene reagents

A

Conc H2SO4 or H3PO4

120
Q

Alcohol to alkene conditions

A

170 degrees C

121
Q

Alkene to alcohol reagents

A

Steam

H3PO4 catalyst

122
Q

Alkene to alcohol conditions

A

300 degrees C

60-70 atm

123
Q

Alkane to haloalkane reagents

A

X2

124
Q

Alkane to haloalkane conditions

A

UV light

125
Q

Alkene to haloalkane reagents

A

Halogen halide

126
Q

Alkene to haloalkane conditions

A

20 degrees C

127
Q

Alcohol to haloalkane reagents

A

NaX

H2SO4

128
Q

Alcohol to haloalkane conditions

A

20 degrees C

129
Q

Haloalkane to alcohol reaction

A

Warm NaOH or KOH, H2O

Reflux

130
Q

Haloalkane to nitrile reagents

A

NaCN or KCN

Ethanol

131
Q

Haloalkane to nitrile conditions

A

Reflux

132
Q

Haloalkane to amine reagents

A

Excess ethanolic ammonia (or amines)

133
Q

Haloalkane to amine conditions

A

Heat

134
Q

Nitrile to amine reagents when under reflux

A

LiAlH4 then dilute acid

Or Na and ethanol

135
Q

Nitrile to amine reagents under high temperature and pressure

A

H2

Ni/Pt catalyst

136
Q

Carboxylic acid to make an acyl chloride reagents

A

SOCl2

137
Q

Acyl chloride to make a carboxylic acid reagents

A

Cold water

138
Q

Nitrile to carboxylic acid reagents

A

Dilute HCl

139
Q

Nitrile to carboxylic acid conditions

A

Reflux

140
Q

Benzene to halobenzene reagents

A

X2

AlCl3 catalyst

141
Q

Benzene to halobenzene conditions

A

Warm

142
Q

Phenol to sodium phenoxide reagent

A

NaOH

143
Q

Phenol to sodium phenoxide conditions

A

20 degrees C

144
Q

Phenol to an Ester reagents

A

Acyl chloride

145
Q

Phenol to an Ester conditions

A

29 degrees C

146
Q

Phenol to 2 or 4-nitrolphenol reagents

A

Dilute HNO3

147
Q

Phenol to 2 or 4-nitrophenol conditions

A

20 degrees C

148
Q

Phenol to 2,4,6-tribromophenol reagents

A

Bromine water (Br2)

149
Q

Phenol to 2,4,6-tribromoohenol conditions

A

20 degrees C

Chemistry (5 decks)

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