Functional Groups Flashcards
Properties of alkanes
Non-polar
Unreactive
Properties of alkenes
Non-polar
Electron rich double bond
Properties of aromatic compounds
Stable delocalised ring of electrons
Properties of alcohols
Polar C-OH bond
Line pair on oxygen can act as a nucleophile
Haloalkane properties
Polar C-X bond
Amine properties
Lone pair on nitrogen is basic and can act as a nucleophile
Nitrile properties
Electron deficient carbon centre
Carbonyl properties
Polar C=O bond
Carboxylic acid properties
Electron deficient carbon centre
Ester properties
Electron deficient carbon centre
Acyl chloride properties
Electron deficient carbon centre
Acid anhydride properties
Electron deficient carbon centre
Typical reactions of alkanes
Radical substitution
Alkene typical reactions
Electrophilic addition
Aromatic compounds typical reactions
Electrophilic substitution
Alcohol typical reactions
Nucleophilic substitution
Dehydration/ elimination
Haloalkanes typical reactions
Nucleophilic substitution
Elimination
Amines typical reactions
Neutralisation
Nucleophilic substitution
Nitrile typical reactions
Reduction
Hydrolysis
Aldehyde typical reactions
Nucleophilic addition
Reduction
Oxidation
Ketones typical reactions
Nucleophilic addition
Reduction
Carboxylic acid typical reactions
Neutralisation
Estérification
Ester typical reactions
Hydrolysis
Acyl chloride typical reactions
Nucleophilic addition-elimination
Condensation
Friedel-Crafts acylation
Acid anhydride typical reactions
Estérification
Addition
Two molecules join together to form a single product
Involves breaking a double bond
Elimination/ dehydration
Involves removing a functional group which is released as part of a small molecule
Often a double bond is formed
Substitution
A functional group on a molecule is swapped for a new one
Condensation
Two molecules get joined together with the loss of a small molecule such as water or HCl
Hydrolysis
Water is used to split apart a molecule, creating two smaller ones
Opposite of condensation
Oxidation
Loss of electrons
In organic chemistry it usually means gaining an oxygen or losing a hydrogen atom
Reduction
Gain of electrons
In organic chemistry, it usually means gaining a hydrogen atom or losing an oxygen atom
