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0 - Chemistry > Synthetic Routes > Flashcards

Synthetic Routes Flashcards

1
Q

How can an alcohol be converted to an alkene?

A

Conc. H2SO4 (dehydrating agent)

Reflux

(Dehydration reaction)

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2
Q

How can an alkene be converted to an alcohol?

A

Add water with a H2SO4 catalyst

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3
Q

How can an alcohol be converted to a ketone?

A

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4

Reflux

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4
Q

How can a ketone be converted to an alcohol?

A

React with NaBH4

In methanol

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5
Q

How can an alcohol be converted to an aldehyde?

A

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4

Distillation

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6
Q

How can an aldehyde be converted to an alcohol?

A

React with NaBH4

In methanol

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7
Q

How can an aldehyde/ketone be converted to a hydroxynitrile?

A

React with KCN and dilute HCl

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8
Q

How can a nitrile group be converted to a carboxylic acid group?

A

Water and dilute HCl

Reflux

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9
Q

How can an alkene be converted to an alkane?

A

H2/Ni

200°C

High pressure

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10
Q

How can alkenes be produced from alkanes?

A

High temperature

High pressure

(Thermal cracking)

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11
Q

How can haloalkanes be made from alkanes?

A

X2

UV light

(Free radical-substitution)

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12
Q

How can an alkene be converted to a haloalkane?

A

HX/X2

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13
Q

How can an alkene be formed from a haloalkane?

A

NaOH

Ethanolic

Reflux

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14
Q

How can a haloalkane be converted to an amine?

A

NH3

Heat

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15
Q

How can a haloalkane be converted to a nitrile?

A

KCN

Reflux

Aqueous/ethanolic

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16
Q

How can a nitrile be converted to an amine?

A

H2/Ni

200°C

High pressure

17
Q

How are esters formed?

A

Alcohol + carboxylic acid

(Conc.) H2SO4 catalyst

Heated

18
Q

How are esters hydrolysed?

A

NaOH

Reflux

OR

H2O

(dil.) H2SO4

Reflux

19
Q

How can an aldehyde be converted into a carboxylic acid?

A

K2Cr2O7/H2SO4

Reflux

20
Q

How can a carboxylic acid be converted into an alcohol?

A

React with LiAlH4

In dry ethoxyethane

21
Q

How can an acyl chloride/acid anyhydride be converted to an amide?

A

NH3

Room temperature

22
Q

How can an acyl chloride/acid anyhydride be converted to an ester?

A

Alcohol

Room temperature

23
Q

How can an acyl chloride/acid anyhydride be converted to a carboxylic acid?

A

H2O

Room Temperature

24
Q

How can a haloalkane be converted to an alcohol?

A

NaOH

Aqueous

Heat

Reflux

25
Q

How can benzene be converted to a phenylketone or phenyl aldehyde?

A

RCOCl + AlCl3

Reflux

Non aqueous

(Friedel-Crafts acylation)

26
Q

How can benzene be converted to nitrobenzene?

A

Concentrated HNO3

Concentrated H2SO4

27
Q

How can nitrobenzene be converted to a phenyl amine?

A

Tin + HCl

Reflux

Then

React with NaOH

28
Q

How do NaBH4 and LiAlH4 act as reducing agents?

A

Provide hydride (H-) ions

H+ ions are provided by the solvent

29
Q

Which bond(s) do NaBH4 and LiAlH4 not reduce?

A

NaBH4:

  • COOH
  • CN

Both:

  • C=C
30
Q

What are the four stages in the synthesis of chloroalkanes?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Propagation 1
  3. Propagation 2
  4. Termination
31
Q

When reacting a haloalkane with ammonia how can the yield of the following be increased:

  1. Primary amine
  2. Quaternary ammonium salt
A
  1. Excess ammonia
  2. Excess haloalkane
32
Q

What are the advantages of using an acid anhydride over an acyl chloride?

A
  1. Less corrosive
  2. Less vulnerable to hydrolysis
  3. Less vigorous reaction (more controllable)
  4. Does not produce toxic/corrosive fumes (HCl)
  5. Less volatile
33
Q

What is the advantage of using an acyl chloride over an acid anhydride?

A

More reactive

0 - Chemistry (11 decks)

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