Synthetic Routes Flashcards
how do you go from an alkane to a haloalkane?
- radical substitution
- X2
- UV radiation
how do you go from a haloalkane to an alcohol?
- NaOH (aq)
how do you go from an alcohol to an aldehyde?
- primary alcohol
- [O] distillation
- (oxidation)
how do you go from an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid?
- [O] relfux
- (oxidation)
how do you go from an alcohol to a carboxylic acid?
- primary alcohol
- [O] reflux
- (oxidation)
how do you go from a carboxylic acid to an ester?
- alcohol
- H+ catalyst
- esterification
how do you go from an alkene to an alkane?
- H2
- Nickel catalyst
- 150 degrees celcius
- addition reaction
how do you go from an alkene to a haloalkane?
- HX which forms a haloalkane
- X2 which forms a dihaloalkane
how do you from an alcohol to a ketone?
- secondary alcohol
- [O] reflux
- (oxidation)
how do you go from a haloalkane to a nitrile?
- NaCN in ethanol
how do you go from a haloalkane to an amine?
- NH3 in ethanol = primary alcohol
- NH2R in ethanol = secondary amine
- NHR2 in ethanol = tertiary amine
how do you go from an alkene to an alcohol?
- H2O(g)
- catalysts: H3PO4 and H2SO4
how do you go from an alcohol to an alkene?
concentrated H3PO4 and H2SO4
- elimination
how do you go from a haloalkane to an alcohol?
NaX and H2SO4
why is ethanol used as a solvent?
ethanol is used instead of water because NH3 forms OH- ions in water
how do you go from a nitrile to an amine?
- H2
- Pd catalyst
- reduction/hydrogenation
how do you go from a nitrile to a carboxylic acid?
- H2O/HCl
- hydrolysis
how do you go from an amine to a secondary amide?
acyl chloride
how do you go from an acyl chloride to a secondary amide?
RNH2 (any primary amine)
how do you go from an aldehyde to a primary alcohol?
- NaBH4 = sodium borohydride
- H2O for protonation
- (reduction)
how do you go from an acyl chloride to a primary amide?
- NH3
how do you go from a carboxylic acid to an acyl chloride?
- SOCl2
how do you go from an ester to a carboxylic acid?
- H2SO4
- acid hydrolysis
how do you go from an acyl chloride to an ester?
- ROH
- any alcohol
how do you go from an ester to a carboxylate salt and alcohol?
- NaOH
- base hydrolysis
how do you go from an acid anhydride to ester?
- ROH
what is it called when you go from a carboxylic acid to an acid anhydride?
- dehydration
how do you go from an aldehyde to a hydroxynitrile?
- NaCN and HCl
- (overall equation would be HCN)
- nucleophilic addition
how do you go from a ketone to a hydroxynitrile?
- NaCN and HCl
- (overall equation would be HCN)
- nucleophilic addition
what is [O]?
- oxidising agent
- acidified dichromate, H+/Cr2O7(2-)
