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Chemistry: Module 4 > Synthetic Routes > Flashcards

Synthetic Routes Flashcards

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1
Q

how do you go from an alkane to a haloalkane?

A
  • radical substitution
  • X2
  • UV radiation
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2
Q

how do you go from a haloalkane to an alcohol?

A
  • NaOH (aq)
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3
Q

how do you go from an alcohol to an aldehyde?

A
  • primary alcohol
  • [O] distillation
  • (oxidation)
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4
Q

how do you go from an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid?

A
  • [O] relfux
  • (oxidation)
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5
Q

how do you go from an alcohol to a carboxylic acid?

A
  • primary alcohol
  • [O] reflux
  • (oxidation)
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6
Q

how do you go from a carboxylic acid to an ester?

A
  • alcohol
  • H+ catalyst
  • esterification
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7
Q

how do you go from an alkene to an alkane?

A
  • H2
  • Nickel catalyst
  • 150 degrees celcius
  • addition reaction
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8
Q

how do you go from an alkene to a haloalkane?

A
  • HX which forms a haloalkane
  • X2 which forms a dihaloalkane
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9
Q

how do you from an alcohol to a ketone?

A
  • secondary alcohol
  • [O] reflux
  • (oxidation)
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10
Q

how do you go from a haloalkane to a nitrile?

A
  • NaCN in ethanol
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11
Q

how do you go from a haloalkane to an amine?

A
  • NH3 in ethanol = primary alcohol
  • NH2R in ethanol = secondary amine
  • NHR2 in ethanol = tertiary amine
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12
Q

how do you go from an alkene to an alcohol?

A
  • H2O(g)
  • catalysts: H3PO4 and H2SO4
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13
Q

how do you go from an alcohol to an alkene?

A

concentrated H3PO4 and H2SO4
- elimination

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14
Q

how do you go from a haloalkane to an alcohol?

A

NaX and H2SO4

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15
Q

why is ethanol used as a solvent?

A

ethanol is used instead of water because NH3 forms OH- ions in water

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16
Q

how do you go from a nitrile to an amine?

A
  • H2
  • Pd catalyst
  • reduction/hydrogenation
17
Q

how do you go from a nitrile to a carboxylic acid?

A
  • H2O/HCl
  • hydrolysis
18
Q

how do you go from an amine to a secondary amide?

A

acyl chloride

19
Q

how do you go from an acyl chloride to a secondary amide?

A

RNH2 (any primary amine)

20
Q

how do you go from an aldehyde to a primary alcohol?

A
  • NaBH4 = sodium borohydride
  • H2O for protonation
  • (reduction)
21
Q

how do you go from an acyl chloride to a primary amide?

A
  • NH3
22
Q

how do you go from a carboxylic acid to an acyl chloride?

A
  • SOCl2
23
Q

how do you go from an ester to a carboxylic acid?

A
  • H2SO4
  • acid hydrolysis
24
Q

how do you go from an acyl chloride to an ester?

A
  • ROH
  • any alcohol
25
Q

how do you go from an ester to a carboxylate salt and alcohol?

A
  • NaOH
  • base hydrolysis
26
Q

how do you go from an acid anhydride to ester?

A
  • ROH
27
Q

what is it called when you go from a carboxylic acid to an acid anhydride?

A
  • dehydration
28
Q

how do you go from an aldehyde to a hydroxynitrile?

A
  • NaCN and HCl
  • (overall equation would be HCN)
  • nucleophilic addition
29
Q

how do you go from a ketone to a hydroxynitrile?

A
  • NaCN and HCl
  • (overall equation would be HCN)
  • nucleophilic addition
30
Q

what is [O]?

A
  • oxidising agent
  • acidified dichromate, H+/Cr2O7(2-)

Chemistry: Module 4 (12 decks)

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