synthetic routes Flashcards by Jemima Dixon

Q

alkane -> haloalkane

A

halogen and UV

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Q

haloalkane -> alcohol

A

NaOH (aq)

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Q

alcohol -> haloalkane

A

NaX and H2SO4

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Q

alcohol -> alkene

A

H3PO4, heat

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Q

alkene -> alcohol

A

steam / H3PO4

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Q

alkene -> alkane

A

H2 / Ni catalyst

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Q

alkene -> haloalkane

A

hydrogen halide
(HX)

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Q

haloalkane -> nitrile

A

CN- / ethanol

(CN- comes from KCN)

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Q

nitrile -> amine

A

H2 / Ni catalyst

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Q

haloalkane -> amine

A

ethanolic NH3

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Q

alcohol -> ketone

A

K2Cr2O7

H2SO4

reflux

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Q

ketone -> alcohol

A

NaBH4

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Q

ketone -> hydroxynitrile

A

NaCN aq

H+ aq

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Q

hydroxynitrile -> amine

A

H2

Ni

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Q

nitrile / hydroxynitrile -> carboxylic acid

A

H2O
HCl
heat

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Q

alcohol -> aldehyde

A

K2Cr2O7
H2SO4
distillation

Q

aldehyde -> alcohol

A

NaBH4

Q

aldehyde -> hydroxynitrile

A

NaCN aq

H+ aq

Q

aldehyde -> carboxylic acid

A

K2Cr2O7
H2SO4
reflux

Q

alcohol -> carboxylic acid

A

xs K2Cr2O7
H2SO4
reflux

Q

alcohol -> ester

A

carboxylic acid
conc H2SO4 or acid anhydride

Q

carboxylic acid -> ester

A

alcohol
conc H2SO4

Q

ester -> carboxylic acid

A

dilute acid
heat

Q

ester -> carboxylate

A

OH-
heat

carboxylic acid -> acyl chloride

SOCl2

acyl chloride -> carboxylic acid

H2O

acyl chloride -> ester

alcohol

acyl chloride -> primary amide

NH3

acyl chloride -> secondary amide

primary amine

benzene -> nitrobenzene

conc HNO3 conc H2SO4

nitrobenzene -> NH2 benzene

Sn conc HCl

bromination of (NH2benzene)

Br2 (2,4,6 directing)

benzene -> alkylbenzene eg methylbenzene

AlCl3 CH3Cl

benzene -> bromobenzene

Br2 AlBr3 / Fe / FeBr3

benzene -> acylbenzene

acyl chloride AlCl3

phenol -> nitrophenol (2.4 directing)

dilute HNO3

phenol -> bromophenol (2,4,6 directing)

Br2

phenol -> carboxylate

NaOH aq