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Chemistry > Synthetic routes > Flashcards

Synthetic routes Flashcards

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1
Q

Alkane –> haloalkane reaction conditions

A

alkane + halogen –> Haloalkane + hydrogen halide
reagent: halogen
conditions: UV light
mechanism: free radical substitution
use excess alkane to limit further substitutions

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2
Q

alkene –> dihaloalkane reaction conditions

A

alkene + halogen –> dihaloalkane
reagent: halogen
Conditions: 20°C
mechanism: electrophilic addition

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3
Q

alkene –> haloalkane reaction conditions

A 
alkene + hydrogen halide --> haloalkane
reagents: hydrogen halide
conditions: 20°C
mechanism: electrophilic addition
unsymmetrical alkenes produce multiple products
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4
Q

alkene –> alcohol reaction conditions

A 
alkene + water --> alcohol
reagent: steam
conditions: conc H3PO4, 300°C, 60-70atm
mechanism: electrophilic addition
1°, 2°, 3° alcohols can be produced
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5
Q

alkene –> alkane reaction conditions

A 
alkene + hydrogen --> alkane
reagent: hydrogen
conditions: Ni catalyst, 150°C
mechanism: electrophilic addition
reaction type: hydrogenation
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6
Q

haloalkane –> alcohol reaction conditions

A 
haloalkane + NaOH --> alcohol + sodium halide
reagent: NaOH(aq)
conditions: reflux
mechanism: nucleophilic substitution
1°, 2°, 3° alcohols can be produced
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7
Q

haloalkane –> amine reaction conditions

A

haloalkane + ammonia –> amine + ammonium halide

reagent: conc ammonia
conditions: aqueous ethanol, reflux
mechanism: nucleophilic substitution

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8
Q

haloalkane –> nitrile reaction conditions

A

haloalkane + KCN –> Nitrile + potassium halide
reagent: potassium cyanide
conditions: potassium cyanide in ethanol, reflux
mechanism: nucleophilic substitution
adds C atom to chain

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9
Q

alcohol –> alkene reaction conditions

A

alcohol –> alkene + water
conditions: conc H2SO4, 170°C (or Al2O3 catalyst)
mechanism: acid catalysed dehydration
reaction type: elimination

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10
Q

alcohol –> haloalkane reaction conditions

A 
alcohol + hydrogen halide --> haloalkane + water
reagents: hydrogen halide
conditions: H2SO4, 20°C
mechanism: nucleophilic substitution
to separate resultant mixture:
separating funnel,
neutralise using NaHCO3
dehydrate using anhydrous Na2SO4
distillation
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11
Q

1° alcohol –> aldehyde reaction conditions

A

1° alcohol + [O] –> aldehyde + water

conditions: K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4, excess alcohol, distillation

reaction type: oxidation

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12
Q

alcohol –> carboxylic acid reaction conditions

A

alcohol + 2[O] –> carboxylic acid + water
conditions: K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4, excess alcohol, reflux
reaction type: oxidation

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13
Q

2° alcohol –> ketone reaction conditions

A

2° alcohol + [O] –> ketone + water
conditions: K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 in excess, reflux
reaction type: oxidation

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14
Q

aldehyde –> carboxylic acid reaction conditions

A

aldehyde + [O] –> carboxylic acid
condition: K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 in excess, reflux
reaction type: oxidation

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Chemistry (18 decks)

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