more synthetic routes

Question 1

Benzene –> nitrobenzene

Answer 1

Benzene + HNO3 --> nitrobenzene + water
Reagent: HNO3 (conc)
condition: H2SO4 (conc) catalyst
Mechanism: electrophilic substitution
Low temp to prevent further substitutions

Question 2

Benzene –> halogen benzene

Answer 2

Benzene + halogen –> halogen benzene + hydrogen halide

reagent: halogen
condition: halogen carrier (eg AlBr3) catalyst
mechanism: electrophilic substitution

Question 3

esterification (with carboxylic acid)

Answer 3

alcohol + carboxylic acid –> ester + water

reagent: any alcohol + carboxylic acid
condition: acid catalyst/heat
mechanism: alcohol acts as Nucleophile, H+ protonates the C=O bond

Question 4

esterification (with anhydride)

Answer 4

alcohol + anhydride –> ester + carboxylic acid

reagent: any alcohol + anhydride
conditions: H+ catalyst / heat
mechanism: alcohol acts as nucleophile, H+ protonates C=O group

Question 5

esterification (with acyl chloride)

Answer 5

alcohol + acyl chloride –> ester + hydrogen chloride (HCl)

reagent: any alcohol + acyl chloride
condition: H+ catalyst / heat
mechanism: alcohol acts as nucleophile + H+ protonates C=O group

Question 6

nitrobenzene –> aminobenzene

Answer 6

nitrobenzene + HCl –> aminobenzene + ???

reagent: HCl
condition: Sn (tin) catalyst / heat