SYNTHESIS Flashcards
What is bond fission
bonds breaking
What is homolytic fission
results in 2 neutral radicals
occurs when each atom retains one electron from the σ covalent bond and the bond breaks e
breaks non-polar covalent bonds
What is heterolytic fission
results in 2 oppositely charged ions
occurs when one atom retains both e
breaks polar covalent bonds
What do single headed arrows indicate
single e moving
homolytic fission
What do double headed arrows indicate
e pairs moving
heterolytic fission
What are nucleophiles
electron rich
negatively charged
What are electrophiles
electron seekers
positively charged
How to name ETHERS
short chain - oxy - long chain
How to name ESTERS
alcohol/yl - acid
What is produced when a haloalkane reacts with aqueous alkali
alcohol
What is produced when a haloalkane reacts with ammonia
amine
What is produced when a haloalkane reacts with alkoxide
ether
What is produced when a haloalkane reacts with cyanide
nitrile
+ acidified hydrolysis = carboxylic acid
What happens when benzene undergoes bromination
Br+ added
AlBr3 catalyst
What happens when benzene undergoes nitration
NO2+ added
conc. HNO3 and H2SO4 catalyst
What happens when benzene undergoes sulfronation
HOSO2+ added
conc. H2SO4 catalyst
What happens when benzene undergoes Alkylation
CH3+ added
AlCl3 catalyst
What is markovnikov’s rule
H attaches to carbon with most H already bonded to it
-major product
What are acid chlorides used for
acts as a substitute for carboxylic acids when making esters
Why are acid chlorides good
Irreversible
no catalyst required
faster
What are Sn1 reactions
1 species in RDS
What are Sn2 reactions
2 species in RDS
What happens when you reacts amines and acids
salt prouced
What are classes of amines
primary
secondary
tertiary
