Synthesis Flashcards
1
Q
Primary alcohol to aldehyde/carboxylic acid
A
- Acidified potassium dichromate
- Oxidation
2
Q
Carboxylic acid/aldehyde to primary alcohol
A
- Lithium aluminium hydride
- Reduction
3
Q
Secondary alcohols to ketones
A
- Acidified potassium dichromate
- oxidation
4
Q
Ketones to secondary alcohols
A
- Lithium aluminium hydride
- reduction
5
Q
Monohaloalkanes to alcohols
A
- Aqueous alkali such as KOH or NaOH
- Nucleophilic substitution
6
Q
Monohaloalkanes to alkenes
A
- Ethanolic potassium or sodium hydroxide
- Based induced elimination
7
Q
Alkenes to monohaloalkanes
A
- Hydrogen halides
- Addition
8
Q
Monohaloalkanes to ethers
A
- Alcoholic alkoxides (potassium methoxide in methanol)
- Nucleophilic substitution
9
Q
Monohaloalkanes to nitriles
A
- Sodium or potassium cyanide in ethanol
- nucleophilic substitution
10
Q
Nitriles to carboxylic acid
A
- 2H2O/H^+ in the presence of an aqueous acid catalyst
- Acid hydrolysis
- Heated under reflux
11
Q
Carboxylic acids to salts
A
Metals, carbonates or alkalis
12
Q
Esters to carboxylic acids
A
- 2H2O/H^+ in the presence of a aqueous acid catalyst
- Acid hydrolysis
-heated under reflux - separation of alcohol and carboxylic acid
13
Q
Carboxylic acids to amides
A
- React with amines to form alkylammonium salts
- Then heated to form amides
14
Q
Amides to carboxylic acids
A
- 2H2O/H^+ in the presence of an aqueous acid catalyst
- acid hydrolysis
- heated under reflux
15
Q
Carboxylic acid to esters
A
- Alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst
- condensation/esterifiaction
