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Advanced Higher Chemistry > Synthesis > Flashcards

Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Primary alcohol to aldehyde/carboxylic acid

A
  • Acidified potassium dichromate
  • Oxidation
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2
Q

Carboxylic acid/aldehyde to primary alcohol

A
  • Lithium aluminium hydride
  • Reduction
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3
Q

Secondary alcohols to ketones

A
  • Acidified potassium dichromate
  • oxidation
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4
Q

Ketones to secondary alcohols

A
  • Lithium aluminium hydride
  • reduction
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5
Q

Monohaloalkanes to alcohols

A
  • Aqueous alkali such as KOH or NaOH
  • Nucleophilic substitution
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6
Q

Monohaloalkanes to alkenes

A
  • Ethanolic potassium or sodium hydroxide
  • Based induced elimination
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7
Q

Alkenes to monohaloalkanes

A
  • Hydrogen halides
  • Addition
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8
Q

Monohaloalkanes to ethers

A
  • Alcoholic alkoxides (potassium methoxide in methanol)
  • Nucleophilic substitution
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9
Q

Monohaloalkanes to nitriles

A
  • Sodium or potassium cyanide in ethanol
  • nucleophilic substitution
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10
Q

Nitriles to carboxylic acid

A
  • 2H2O/H^+ in the presence of an aqueous acid catalyst
  • Acid hydrolysis
  • Heated under reflux
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11
Q

Carboxylic acids to salts

A

Metals, carbonates or alkalis

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12
Q

Esters to carboxylic acids

A
  • 2H2O/H^+ in the presence of a aqueous acid catalyst
  • Acid hydrolysis
    -heated under reflux
  • separation of alcohol and carboxylic acid
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13
Q

Carboxylic acids to amides

A
  • React with amines to form alkylammonium salts
  • Then heated to form amides
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14
Q

Amides to carboxylic acids

A
  • 2H2O/H^+ in the presence of an aqueous acid catalyst
  • acid hydrolysis
  • heated under reflux
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15
Q

Carboxylic acid to esters

A
  • Alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst
  • condensation/esterifiaction
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16
Q

Alcohols to esters (fast)

A
  • Reacts with acid chlorides in the presence of an acid catalyst
  • Condensation/esterification
17
Q

Esters to alcohols

A
  • 2H2O/H^+ in the presence of a aqueous acid catalyst
  • Acid hydrolysis
    -heated under reflux
  • separation of alcohol and carboxylic acid
18
Q

Alcohols to alkoxides

A
  • Reactive metals
  • displacement or redox reaction
19
Q

Alkenes to alcohols

A
  • Water
  • Addition
20
Q

Alcohols to alkenes

A
  • Aluminium oxide, conc sulfuric acid or conc phosphoric acid
  • Dehydration/elimination
21
Q

Alkenes to dihaloalkanes

A

-Halogens
-Addition

22
Q

Alkenes to alkanes

A
  • hydrogen
    -addition
23
Q

Alkylation of benzene

A
  • aluminium chloride
  • electrophilic substitution
24
Q

Halogenation of benzene

A

Aluminium chloride
- electrophilic substitution

25
Q

Nitration of benzene

A
  • Concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids
  • electrophilic substitution
26
Q

Sulfonation of benzene

A
  • Concentrated sulfuric acid
  • Electrophilic substitution

Advanced Higher Chemistry (14 decks)

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