Atomic Orbitals, Electron Configuration and The Periodic Table Flashcards
How are atomic spectra caused?
By electrons moving between different energy levelS.
What does the Quantum theory state?
That matter can only emit or absorb energy in small fixed amounts.
What is a quanta?
The certain fixed amount of energy an electron can possess.
What do quantum numbers define?
The energy of the electron.
What is the principle quantum number?
Electrons in atoms are arranged in a series of shell and each shell is described in a number. Represented by n
what is the relationship between n and the potential energy?
The higher the value of n, the higher the potential energy associated with the shell and the further from the nucleus the electron is likely to find.
What is the Pauli exclusion principle?
No two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers.
What are the four quantum numbers?
n = principle quantum numbers l = angular momentum quantum numbers ml = magnetic quantum number ms = spin magnetic quantum number
What does the principle quantum number, n refer to?
Related to the size of the orbital, the numbers determine the size and energy of the shell.
What does the angular momentum quantum number refer to?
Determines the shape of the sub-shell and is labelled as s, p, d ,f. This can have a value from 0 to n-1
What orbital is present when l=0?
s orbital
What orbital is present when l=1
p orbital
What orbital is present when l=2
d orbital
What orbital is present when l=3
f orbital
How many electrons can an orbital hold?
Two electrons
How many s orbitals can be in each energy level?
One
How many p orbitals can be in each energy level?
Three
How many d orbitals can be present in each energy level?
Five
What is degenerate?
Orbitals that have the same energy/equal energy
What does Hund’s rule state?
Electrons fill degenerate orbitals singly with parallel spins before pairing up to fill the orbital.
What does aufbau principle state?
Electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy. Lowest energy subshells are filled first.
What is magnetic quantum number?
Determines the orientation of non-spherical orbitals (p, d and f). This can have a value of -l to +l
What is the range of values of magnetic quantum numbers in s orbitals?
ml will always equal 0
What is the range of values of magnetic quantum numbers in p orbitals?
ml = -1,0,+1
What is the range of values of magnetic quantum numbers in d orbitals?
ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2
What is the spin magnetic number?
Indicaes the spin of an electron withn an orbital. Electrons will have opposite spins and can be either clockwise +1/2 or anticlockwise -1/2.
What does ml stand for?
Magnetic quantum number
What does ms stand for?
Spin magnetic quantum number
What does l stand for?
Angular momentum number.
what does n stand for?
principle quantum number
What is the principle quantum number?
Related to the size of the orbital, the numbers determines the size and energy of the shell.
What is the angular momentum quantum number?
Determines the shape of the sub-shell and is labelled as s, p, d, f. This can have a value from zero to n-1
What does l = 0 signify?
Identify an s orbital (singular)
What does l = 1 singify?
Identifies a p orbital (multiple)
What does l = 2 signify?
Identifies a d orbital (multiple)
What does l = 3 signify?
Identifies a f orbital (multiple)
How many electrons maximum can an orbital hold?
2
How many electrons can the first shell hold?
2
How many electrons can the second shell hold and what types of orbitals would be present?
Can hold up to 8 electrons and would have 1s orbital and 3p orbitals.
What does degenerate mean?
Orbitals that have the same energy are said to be degenerate.
What does Hund’s rule state?
Hund’s rule states that when degenerate orbitals are available, electrons will fill each singly before pairing up.
What does the aufbau principle state?
Electrons fill orbitals in order of increasing energy level.
How many electrons could the third shell hold and what types of orbitals are present?
Can hold a maximum of 18 electrons with 1s, 3p and 5d.
What is the magnetic quantum number (ml)?
Determines the orientation of non-spherical orbitals (p, d, f) and can have a value between -l and +l
What the the ml values for different orbitals?
s: ml = 0
p: ml = -1, 0 or +1
d: ml = -2, -1, 0, +1
What is the spin magnetic quantum number (ms)?
Indicates the spin of an electron within an orbital. Electrons pairs will have opposite spins and can be either clockwise +1/2 or anticlockwise -1/2
What does the Pauli exclusion principle state?
No two electrons in the same atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers.
Why does the 4s orbital fill before the 3d orbital?
The 4s orbital has lower energy than 3d therefore it will fill first.
Why is an outer electron removed from 4s orbital instead of 3d orbital?
4s has lower energy than 3d therefore it is easier to remove an electron from 4s.
what is ionisation energy?
The energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous atoms.
When will an element have higher ionisation energy?
When the orbital has two electrons making it stable or when there are half filled shells.
