Reactionssss Flashcards
What can monohaloalkane react with to form alkenes?
strong base, such as potassium or sodium hydroxide in ethanol
What type of reaction is monohaloalkane to alkene?
elimination reactions
What do the nucleophilic substitution reactions of monohaloalkanes form?
— to form alcohols
— to form ethers
— to form nitriles that can be hydrolysed to carboxylic acids
What do monohaloalkanes react with to form alcohols?
An aqueous alkali
What do monohaloalkanes react with to form ethers?
Alcoholic alkoxides
What do monolhaloalkanes react with to form nitriles?
ethanolic cyanide
How can alcohols be preapared?
- haloalkanes by substitution
- alkenes by acid-catalysed hydration (addition)
- aldehydes and ketones by reduction using a reducing agent such as lithium aluminium hydride
What do alcohols react with to form alkenes and what type of reaction is it?
dehydration involving aluminium oxide, concentrated sulfuric acid or concentrated phosphoric acid
What do alcohols react with to form aldehydes then carboxylic acid or ketones?
ketones, using acidified permanganate, acidified dichromate or hot copper(II)
oxide
What do alcohol react with to form alcoholic alkoxides?
reactive metals such as potassium or sodium
What can alcoholic alkoxides react with to form ethers?
monohaloalkanes
What can alcohols react with to form ethers (slow)?
Carboxylic acids with concentrated sulfuric acid or concentrated phosphoric acid as a
catalyst
What can alcohols react with to form esters (fast)?
reaction with acid chlorides
How can alkenes be preapared?
-dehydration of alcohols
- base-induced elimination of hydrogen halides from monohaloalkanes
How do alkenes form alcohols?
acid-catalysed hydration
How do aldehydes and ketones form alcohols?
aldehydes and ketones by reduction using a reducing agent such as lithium aluminium hydride
How can alkenes be preapared?
-dehydration of alcohols using aluminium oxide, concentrated
sulfuric acid or concentrated phosphoric acid
-base-induced elimination of hydrogen halides from monohaloalkanes
How do alcohols form alkenes?
dehydration of alcohols using aluminium oxide, concentrated
sulfuric acid or concentrated phosphoric acid
How do hydrogen halides from monohaloalkanes form alkenes?
base-induced elimination of hydrogen halides from monohaloalkanes
What reactions can alkenes take part in?
electrophilic addition
What can alkenes react with to form alkanes?
hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst
What can alkenes react with to form dihaloalkanes?
halogens
What can alkenes react with to form monohaloalkanes?
hydrogen halides
What can alkenes react with to form alcohols?
water using an acid catalyst
How can carboxylic acids be prepared?
- oxidising primary alcohols
- oxidising aldehydes
- hydrolysing nitriles, esters or amides
What do primary alcohols react with to form carboxylic acids?
acidified permanganate, acidified
dichromate and hot copper(II) oxide
What do aldehydes react with to form carboxylic acids?
acidified permanganate, acidified
dichromate, Fehling’s solution and Tollens’ reagent
What do nitriles, esters and amides do to form carboxylic acids?
hydrolysing nitriles, esters or amides
What do carboxylic acids react with to form salts?
reactions with metals or bases
What do carboxylic acids react with to form esters?
condensation reactions with alcohols in the presence of concentrated sulfuric or concentrated phosphoric acid
What do carboxylic acids react with to form amides?
reaction with amines to form alkylammonium salts that form amides when heated
What do carboxylic acids react with to form primary alcohols?
reduction with lithium aluminium hydride
What does types of reactions does benzene undergo?
-halogenation
-alkylation
-nitration
-sulfonation
What is required for benzene to undergo halogentation?
halogen using aluminium chloride or
iron(III) chloride for chlorination and aluminium bromide or iron(III)
bromide for bromination
What is required for benzene to undergo alkylation?
a haloalkane using aluminium chloride
What is required for benzene to undergo nitration?
nitration using concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric
acid
What is required for benzene to undergo sulfonation?
using concentrated sulfuric acid
