Reactionssss

Question 1

What can monohaloalkane react with to form alkenes?

Answer 1

strong base, such as potassium or sodium hydroxide in ethanol

Question 2

What type of reaction is monohaloalkane to alkene?

Answer 2

elimination reactions

Question 3

What do the nucleophilic substitution reactions of monohaloalkanes form?

Answer 3

— to form alcohols
— to form ethers
— to form nitriles that can be hydrolysed to carboxylic acids

Question 4

What do monohaloalkanes react with to form alcohols?

Answer 4

An aqueous alkali

Question 5

What do monohaloalkanes react with to form ethers?

Answer 5

Alcoholic alkoxides

Question 6

What do monolhaloalkanes react with to form nitriles?

Answer 6

ethanolic cyanide

Question 7

How can alcohols be preapared?

Answer 7

• haloalkanes by substitution
• alkenes by acid-catalysed hydration (addition)
• aldehydes and ketones by reduction using a reducing agent such as lithium aluminium hydride

Question 8

What do alcohols react with to form alkenes and what type of reaction is it?

Answer 8

dehydration involving aluminium oxide, concentrated sulfuric acid or concentrated phosphoric acid

Question 9

What do alcohols react with to form aldehydes then carboxylic acid or ketones?

Answer 9

ketones, using acidified permanganate, acidified dichromate or hot copper(II)
oxide

Question 10

What do alcohol react with to form alcoholic alkoxides?

Answer 10

reactive metals such as potassium or sodium

Question 11

What can alcoholic alkoxides react with to form ethers?

Answer 11

monohaloalkanes

Question 12

What can alcohols react with to form ethers (slow)?

Answer 12

Carboxylic acids with concentrated sulfuric acid or concentrated phosphoric acid as a
catalyst

Question 13

What can alcohols react with to form esters (fast)?

Answer 13

reaction with acid chlorides

Question 14

How can alkenes be preapared?

Answer 14

-dehydration of alcohols
- base-induced elimination of hydrogen halides from monohaloalkanes

Question 15

How do alkenes form alcohols?

Answer 15

acid-catalysed hydration

Question 16

How do aldehydes and ketones form alcohols?

Answer 16

aldehydes and ketones by reduction using a reducing agent such as lithium aluminium hydride

Question 17

How can alkenes be preapared?

Answer 17

-dehydration of alcohols using aluminium oxide, concentrated
sulfuric acid or concentrated phosphoric acid
-base-induced elimination of hydrogen halides from monohaloalkanes

Question 18

How do alcohols form alkenes?

Answer 18

dehydration of alcohols using aluminium oxide, concentrated
sulfuric acid or concentrated phosphoric acid

Question 19

How do hydrogen halides from monohaloalkanes form alkenes?

Answer 19

base-induced elimination of hydrogen halides from monohaloalkanes

Question 20

What reactions can alkenes take part in?

Answer 20

electrophilic addition

Question 21

What can alkenes react with to form alkanes?

Answer 21

hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst

Question 22

What can alkenes react with to form dihaloalkanes?

Answer 22

halogens

Question 23

What can alkenes react with to form monohaloalkanes?

Answer 23

hydrogen halides

Question 24

What can alkenes react with to form alcohols?

Answer 24

water using an acid catalyst

Question 25

How can carboxylic acids be prepared?

Answer 25

- oxidising primary alcohols - oxidising aldehydes - hydrolysing nitriles, esters or amides

Question 26

What do primary alcohols react with to form carboxylic acids?

Answer 26

acidified permanganate, acidified dichromate and hot copper(II) oxide

Question 27

What do aldehydes react with to form carboxylic acids?

Answer 27

acidified permanganate, acidified dichromate, Fehling’s solution and Tollens’ reagent

Question 28

What do nitriles, esters and amides do to form carboxylic acids?

Answer 28

hydrolysing nitriles, esters or amides

Question 29

What do carboxylic acids react with to form salts?

Answer 29

reactions with metals or bases

Question 30

What do carboxylic acids react with to form esters?

Answer 30

condensation reactions with alcohols in the presence of concentrated sulfuric or concentrated phosphoric acid

Question 31

What do carboxylic acids react with to form amides?

Answer 31

reaction with amines to form alkylammonium salts that form amides when heated

Question 32

What do carboxylic acids react with to form primary alcohols?

Answer 32

reduction with lithium aluminium hydride

Question 33

What does types of reactions does benzene undergo?

Answer 33

-halogenation -alkylation -nitration -sulfonation

Question 34

What is required for benzene to undergo halogentation?

Answer 34

halogen using aluminium chloride or iron(III) chloride for chlorination and aluminium bromide or iron(III) bromide for bromination

Question 35

What is required for benzene to undergo alkylation?

Answer 35

a haloalkane using aluminium chloride

Question 36

What is required for benzene to undergo nitration?

Answer 36

nitration using concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid

Question 37

What is required for benzene to undergo sulfonation?

Answer 37

using concentrated sulfuric acid