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Advanced Higher Chemistry > Reactionssss > Flashcards

Reactionssss Flashcards

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1
Q

What can monohaloalkane react with to form alkenes?

A

strong base, such as potassium or sodium hydroxide in ethanol

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2
Q

What type of reaction is monohaloalkane to alkene?

A

elimination reactions

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3
Q

What do the nucleophilic substitution reactions of monohaloalkanes form?

A

— to form alcohols
— to form ethers
— to form nitriles that can be hydrolysed to carboxylic acids

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4
Q

What do monohaloalkanes react with to form alcohols?

A

An aqueous alkali

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5
Q

What do monohaloalkanes react with to form ethers?

A

Alcoholic alkoxides

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6
Q

What do monolhaloalkanes react with to form nitriles?

A

ethanolic cyanide

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7
Q

How can alcohols be preapared?

A
  • haloalkanes by substitution
  • alkenes by acid-catalysed hydration (addition)
  • aldehydes and ketones by reduction using a reducing agent such as lithium aluminium hydride
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8
Q

What do alcohols react with to form alkenes and what type of reaction is it?

A

dehydration involving aluminium oxide, concentrated sulfuric acid or concentrated phosphoric acid

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9
Q

What do alcohols react with to form aldehydes then carboxylic acid or ketones?

A

ketones, using acidified permanganate, acidified dichromate or hot copper(II)
oxide

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10
Q

What do alcohol react with to form alcoholic alkoxides?

A

reactive metals such as potassium or sodium

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11
Q

What can alcoholic alkoxides react with to form ethers?

A

monohaloalkanes

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12
Q

What can alcohols react with to form ethers (slow)?

A

Carboxylic acids with concentrated sulfuric acid or concentrated phosphoric acid as a
catalyst

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13
Q

What can alcohols react with to form esters (fast)?

A

reaction with acid chlorides

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14
Q

How can alkenes be preapared?

A

-dehydration of alcohols
- base-induced elimination of hydrogen halides from monohaloalkanes

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15
Q

How do alkenes form alcohols?

A

acid-catalysed hydration

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16
Q

How do aldehydes and ketones form alcohols?

A

aldehydes and ketones by reduction using a reducing agent such as lithium aluminium hydride

17
Q

How can alkenes be preapared?

A

-dehydration of alcohols using aluminium oxide, concentrated
sulfuric acid or concentrated phosphoric acid
-base-induced elimination of hydrogen halides from monohaloalkanes

18
Q

How do alcohols form alkenes?

A

dehydration of alcohols using aluminium oxide, concentrated
sulfuric acid or concentrated phosphoric acid

19
Q

How do hydrogen halides from monohaloalkanes form alkenes?

A

base-induced elimination of hydrogen halides from monohaloalkanes

20
Q

What reactions can alkenes take part in?

A

electrophilic addition

21
Q

What can alkenes react with to form alkanes?

A

hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst

22
Q

What can alkenes react with to form dihaloalkanes?

A

halogens

23
Q

What can alkenes react with to form monohaloalkanes?

A

hydrogen halides

24
Q

What can alkenes react with to form alcohols?

A

water using an acid catalyst

25
Q

How can carboxylic acids be prepared?

A
  • oxidising primary alcohols
  • oxidising aldehydes
  • hydrolysing nitriles, esters or amides
26
Q

What do primary alcohols react with to form carboxylic acids?

A

acidified permanganate, acidified
dichromate and hot copper(II) oxide

27
Q

What do aldehydes react with to form carboxylic acids?

A

acidified permanganate, acidified
dichromate, Fehling’s solution and Tollens’ reagent

28
Q

What do nitriles, esters and amides do to form carboxylic acids?

A

hydrolysing nitriles, esters or amides

29
Q

What do carboxylic acids react with to form salts?

A

reactions with metals or bases

30
Q

What do carboxylic acids react with to form esters?

A

condensation reactions with alcohols in the presence of concentrated sulfuric or concentrated phosphoric acid

31
Q

What do carboxylic acids react with to form amides?

A

reaction with amines to form alkylammonium salts that form amides when heated

32
Q

What do carboxylic acids react with to form primary alcohols?

A

reduction with lithium aluminium hydride

33
Q

What does types of reactions does benzene undergo?

A

-halogenation
-alkylation
-nitration
-sulfonation

34
Q

What is required for benzene to undergo halogentation?

A

halogen using aluminium chloride or
iron(III) chloride for chlorination and aluminium bromide or iron(III)
bromide for bromination

35
Q

What is required for benzene to undergo alkylation?

A

a haloalkane using aluminium chloride

36
Q

What is required for benzene to undergo nitration?

A

nitration using concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric
acid

37
Q

What is required for benzene to undergo sulfonation?

A

using concentrated sulfuric acid

Advanced Higher Chemistry (14 decks)

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