synthesis Flashcards
alkene to dihalogenoalkane
X2; room temp
alkene to halogenoalkane
HX; bubble through at room temp
alkene to diol
acidified KMnO4; water
alkene to alkane
H2; heat 150 degrees; nickel catalyst
alkene to alcohol
steam; acid catalyst
halogenoalkane to alcohol
aq KOH; heat under reflux (nucleophilic sub)
or
ethanolic water
or
Mg + dry ether; then ketone / aldehyde; then dilute acid (grignard)
halogenoalkane to nitrile
ethanolic KCN; heat under reflux
halogenoalkane to alkene
ethanolic KOH; reflux
halogenoalkane to primary amine
excess ethanolic ammonia; heat + pressure in a sealed tube
alcohol to ketone / aldehyde
acidified potassium dichromate; heat and distill as products form
aldehyde to carboxylic acid
acidified potassium dichromate; heat under reflux
or
tollens reagent; heat
or
fehling solution; heat
carboxylic acid to alcohol
LiAlH4 in dry ether
carboxylic acid to acyl chloride
PCl5 at room temp
acyl chloride to carboxylic acid
cold water
acyl chloride to amide
NH3 for primary; amine for secondary / tertiary
acyl chloride to ester
alcohol
carboxylic acid to ester
alcohol; heat with acid catalyst
alkane to halogenoalkane
halogen; UV light (free radical sub)
alcohol to halogenoalkane
KBr; 50% sulfuric acid
or
PCl5; room temp
or
HCl; room temp
or
iodine + red phosphorus
ketone / aldehyde to hydroxynitrile
ethanolic HCN + KCN; reflux (nucleophilic addition)
halogenoalkane to carboxylic acid
Mg + dry ether; then CO2; then dilute acid (grignard)
benzene to alkylbenzene
chroroalkane / acyl chloride; dry AlCl3 halogen carrier catalyst (same with bromine)
benzene to cyclohexane
hydrogen; heat with nickel catalyst
benzene to bromobenzene
bromine Br2; dry FeBr3 halogen carrier catalyst
benzene to nitrobenzene
warm conc HNO3 (base) + H2SO4 (acid)
nitrobenzene to phenylamine
HCl; Sn catalyst (reduction)
phenol to tribromophenol
Br2
nitrile to primary amine
LiAlH4 in dry ether
or
hydrogen + nickel catalyst
ester to carboxylic acid
dilute acid under reflux
or
dilute alkali under reflux; then add HCl (both hydrolysis)
nitrile to carboxylic acid
dilute acid under reflux
or
dilute alkali under reflux; then add HCl (both hydrolysis)
alcohol to alkene
conc H3PO4 (dehydration)
what is a ‘grignard reagent’
R-MgX; product of halogenoalkane and Mg in dry ether
what happens in the main grignard reaction
carbonyl / CO2’s C=O converted to R-C-O-MgX
why is dilute acid added in a grignard reaction
to replace C-O-MgX with C-OH
what are the steps of recrystallisation
dissolve in min vol of hot solvent; hot filter - remove insoluble impurity; cool in ice bath; cold vacuum filter; wash with cold water - remove soluble impurity; dry in a nice warm oven