Syntax and Module

Question 1

Syntax

Answer 1

The study of structure and rules of sentence formation in a language, focusing on how words combine into phrases and phrases into sentences

Question 2

Constituents

Answer 2

Words or groups of words that function as a single unit within a hierarchical structure in a sentence

Question 3

Transitive verbs

Answer 3

Verbs that require a diirect object to complete their meaning

Question 4

Intransitive verbs

Answer 4

Verbs that do not require a direct object and can stand alone

Question 5

Pronominalisation

Answer 5

The process of replacing a noun phrase with a pronoun, often used as a test for identifying constituents

Question 6

Predicative Complements

Answer 6

Elements in the predicate that provide additional informantion about the subject or object, often after linking verbs

Question 7

Coordination Test

Answer 7

A method for identifying constituents by combinging two elements of the same type with a coordinating conjunction

Question 8

Gapping

Answer 8

A syntactic phenomenon where repeated elements are omitted in parallel clauses

Question 9

Sentence Fragment Test

Answer 9

A diagnostic tool for determining if a group of words forms a constituent by checking if it can stand alone as a sentence fragment in response to a question

Question 10

Structural Ambiguity

Answer 10

When a sentence has more than one possible interpretation due to its structure

Question 11

Noun Phrases

Answer 11

Phrases centered around a noun, which can function as subjects, objects, or complements

Question 12

Prepositional Phrases

Answer 12

Phrases starting with a preposition typically followed by a noun phrase, functioning as modifiers or complements

Question 13

Adjective Phrases

Answer 13

Phrases centered around an adjective, often modifying a noun

Question 14

Adverb Phrases

Answer 14

Phrases centered around an adverb, modifying verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs

Question 15

Projections

Answer 15

The extension of a word into a phrase that includes additional modifiers or complements

Question 16

Word-Classes

Answer 16

Categories of words based on their syntactic and morphological behavior

Question 17

Lexical Categories

Answer 17

The same as word classes, referring to the basic categories of words that function as the core building blocks of syntax

Question 18

Determiners

Answer 18

Words that introduce and specify nouns

Question 19

Phrase Structure Rules

Answer 19

Formal rules describing how words and phrases are organized into syntactic structures

Question 20

Subordinate Clauses

Answer 20

Clauses that function as part of a larger sentence, often introduced by subordinating conjunctions

Question 21

Predicate

Answer 21

The part of a sentence that contains the verb and provides information about the subject

Question 22

Appalachian English

Answer 22

A dialect often linked to stereotypes or myths about its origins

Question 23

Elizabethan English

Answer 23

Language of Shakespeare’s era, inaccurately thought to be preserved in Appalachia

Question 24

Dialects

Answer 24

Regional or social variations of a language

Question 25

Historical Linguistics

Answer 25

The study of language change over time

Question 26

Prescriptivism

Answer 26

A belief in maintaining strict language norms, often challenged in the book

Question 27

Linguistic Relativity

Answer 27

The idea that language influences thought, indirectly addressed when examining cultural perceptions

Question 28

Phonology

Answer 28

The study of sounds in a language, key in comparing Appalachian English to Elizabethan English

Question 29

Morphology

Answer 29

Study of word formation; relevant in analyzing grammatical similarities

Question 30

Lexicon

Answer 30

Vocabulary or a language, where some older words may persist regionally

Question 31

Code-switching

Answer 31

Alternating between dialects or languages, often seen in Appalachia

Question 32

Double Negatives

Answer 32

A feature sometimes found in Appalachian English, but stigmatized in standard English

Question 33

Isolation

Answer 33

Geographic or cultural separation that affects language development

Question 34

A-prefixing

Answer 34

A grammatical feature in Appalachian English, like “a-running”

Question 35

Archaisms

Answer 35

Words or forms that have fallen out of use elsewhere byut persist regionally

Question 36

Stigmatization

Answer 36

Negative perceptions tied to certain dialects or linguistic features

Question 37

Descriptivism

Answer 37

Linguistic approach focusing on how languge is used, as opposed to prescribed norms.

Question 38

Language Change

Answer 38

The inevitable evolution of langauge over time

Question 39

Sociolects

Answer 39

Language variations linked to social groups, explored indirectly in this myth

Question 40

Myth Debunking

Answer 40

A centeral theme in the book, addressing misconceptions about langauge