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ENG 211 > Syntax > Flashcards

Syntax Flashcards

1
Q

syntax

A

how sentences and phrases can be constructed out of smaller phrases and words

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2
Q

linguistic expression

A

words and phrases (ex. cake, out) (phrases ex. out the window, my cake)

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3
Q

grammatical

A

when a string of words really does form a sentence of some language

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4
Q

ungrammatical

A

if a string o words doesn’t forms a sentence

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5
Q

grammaticality judgement

A

reflection of speaker’s mental grammar and not a test of their conscious knowledge of the prescriptive rules

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6
Q

principle of compositionality

A

the fact that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of he expressions it contains and on the way they are syntactically combined

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7
Q

syntactic properties

A

properties of linguistic expressions that dictate how they can syntactically combine with other expressions, namely word order and co-occurance properties

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8
Q

word order

A

the linear order in which words can occur in some phrasal expression. also the set of syntactic properties of expressions that dictates how they can be ordered with respect to other expressions

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9
Q

co-occurance

A

the set of syntactic properties that determines which expressions may or have to co-occur with some other expressions in a sentence.

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10
Q

complements

A

non-subject arguments

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11
Q

argument

A

a linguistic expression that must occur in a sentence if some other expression occurs in that sentence as well. if the occurrence of x in a sentence requires the occurrence of an expression Y in that sentence, we say that y is an argument of x

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12
Q

adjunct

A

a linguistic expression whose occurrence in a sentence is optional; also called modifier

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13
Q

agreement

A

the phenomenon by which certain expressions in a sentence (ex. a verb and its subject) must be inflectionally marked for the same person, number, gender, etc.

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14
Q

morphosyntax

A

the name for syntax and morphology considered jointly as a single component of grammar

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15
Q

syntactic properties

A

properties of linguistic expressions that dictate how they can syntactically combine with other expressions, namely, word order and co-occurence properties

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16
Q

cleft

A

type of sentence that has the general form it is/was x that y. it was Sally that I wanted to meet. Can be used as a constituency test.

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17
Q

conjuncts

A

the arguments of coordinating conjunctions

18
Q

syntactic category

A

a group of expressions that have very similar syntactic properties. all expressions that belong to the same syntactic category have more or less the same syntactic distribution

19
Q

syntactic distribution

A

refers to the set of syntactic environments in which an expression can occur. if two expressions are interchangeable in all syntactic environments, we say that they have the same syntactic distribution, and therefore belong to the same syntactic category

20
Q

sentence

A

a syntactic category that consists of all phrasal expressions that can grammatically occur

21
Q

noun phrase

A

the name of a syntactic category that consists of proper names, pronouns, and all other expressions with the same syntactic distribution

22
Q

noun

A

the name of a lexical category and a syntactic category. morphologically consists of words to which the plural suffix -s or the suffix -like can be added. syntactically consists of expressions that can combine with determiners to their left, the resulting expression being of category noun phrase

23
Q

adjective

A

the name of a lexical category and a syntactic category. morphologically consists of words to which the comparative suffix -er or the suffix -ness can be added. syntactically the category consists of those expressions that can be noun adjuncts or occur in between a determiner an a noun

24
Q

verb phrase

A

he name of a syntactic category that consists of all expressions which if combined with a noun phrase to their left result in a sentence

25
Q

intransitive verb

A

the name for the set of lexical expression whose syntactic category is verb phrase

26
Q

distransitive verb

A

the name of a syntactic category that consists of those expressions that if combined with two expressions of category noun phrase to their right result in a verb phrase. a verb that needs two noun phrase complements

27
Q

sentential complement verb

A

the name of syntactic category that consists of those expressions that if combined with a sentence to their right result in a very phrase. a verb that needs a sentence as its complement

28
Q

adverb

A

the name of a lexical category and a syntactic category that consists of expressions such as quickly, well, furiously, etc. syntactically adverbs can be verb phrase adjuncts

29
Q

verb phrase adjuncts

A

a kind of adjunct that combines with an expression of syntactic category verb phrase with the resulting expression also being of category verb phrase

30
Q

preposition

A

name of a lexical category and a syntactic category that consists of expressions such as of, in, for, with, etc. syntactically, this category consists of those expressions that when combined with an expression of category noun phrase to their right result in an expression of category prepositional phrase

31
Q

prepositional phrase

A

the name of a syntactic category that consists of those expressions that contain a preposition and a noun phrase. can be verb phrase adjuncts or noun adjuncts.

32
Q

lexical entry

A

a representation of a lexical expression and its linguistic properties within a decriptive grammar of some language a collection of lexical enteries constitutues the lexicon. a lexical entry has the form f -> x, where f is the form of some particular lexical expression and x is its syntactic category

33
Q

phrase structure rule

A

a recipe for syntactically combining expressions of certain syntactic categories. along with the lexicon structure rules are a part of a descriptive grammar of some language.

34
Q

phrase structure tree

A

a visual representation of how phrases are constructed within a descriptive grammar, given the lexicon and the phrase structure rules

35
Q

ambiguity

A

the phenomenon by which a single linguistic form can be the form of more than one distinct linguistic expression. the form that is shared by more than one expression is said to be ambiguous.

36
Q

lexical ambiguity

A

the phenomenon where a single word is the form of two or more distinct linguistic expressions that differ in meaning or syntactic properties.

37
Q

homophony

A

phenomenon by which two or more distinct morphemes or non phrasal linguistic expressions happen to have the same form

38
Q

structural ambiguity

A

the phenomenon where a single string of words is the from of more than one distinct phrasal expression

39
Q

determiner

A

the name of a lexical category and a syntactic category that consists of expression such as the , a this, all, etc.

40
Q

transitive verb

A

the name of a syntactic category that consists of those expressions that it combined with an expression of category noun phrase to their right result in a ern phrase

ENG 211 (3 decks)

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